MBA Math Skills Every Business Student Needs

While some math requirements will vary by program, there are several MBA math skills that every business student needs to succeed. These skills can be obtained (or brushed up on) online, as part of a GMAT prep program or in a math refresher course, such as the pre-MBA math boot camps offered by many business schools. Some of the most important MBA math skills involve basic number sense, algebra, calculus, statistics, and probability. Basic Number Sense Basic number sense may seem elementary, but it is important because it is the foundation for all of the business math you will do in an MBA program. You should be able to understand symbolic representation (i.e. the different ways numbers can be represented), how numbers relate to each other, and how numbers can be used in real-world situations. More specifically, you should be able to: Represent numbers as percents, fractions, and decimalsPerform conversions on percents, fractions, and decimalsSolve problems using percents, decimals, fractions, and mixed numbersSimplify mathematical expressions using the appropriate order of operations Algebra for Business Reviewing all the algebra you learned in high school is a must. Algebra is used constantly in business math, particularly in economics, finance, and statistics courses. You can start your preparation by reviewing the definitions of key terms like variable, constant, exponent, and operator. After that, you should practice simplifying algebraic expressions, evaluating algebraic expressions with multiple variables, and expanding algebraic expressions using the distributive property. Finally, take time to learn how to: Solve linear equationsSolve systems of linear equationsSolve quadratics by factoringSimplify and solve binomialsSimplify and solve polynomials Calculus for Business Most business school professors will help you understand the calculus you need to know as you go through the curriculum. However, if you spend all your time learning the math while youre in a program, youll get a lot less out of most courses than you should. Its a good idea to master a few essential calculus skills prior to the start of your program. Here are specific concepts to know before you go: Function composition and graphingFunction operationsLimits of functionsSlopes and rates of changeDerivatives and differentiationMinimum and maximum valuesExponentials and logarithmsDefinite and indefinite integrals Statistics for Business Statistical analysis is a common task in many MBA courses.  It is important to understand key measures, such as measures of central tendency and measures of spread or dispersion, as well as key properties of populations and samples. Brushing up on the following statistics concepts will help you ace your coursework: Calculate mean, median, mode, and rangeCalculate the standard deviationCalculate normal distributionIdentify shifts in the meanCalculate statistical significanceInterpret sampling distributionEstimate sample and population variance Probability for Business When it comes to MBA math, knowing how to calculate probabilities is helpful but not absolutely essential. However, it is important to know how to use numerical probabilities to interpret scenarios, clarify information in uncertain scenarios, and communicate the probability of certain events occurring. You should know how to define all of the following terms: Dependent eventIndependent eventSimple eventCompound eventComplementary eventMutually exclusive eventNon-mutually exclusive eventConditional probability MBA Math Every MBA student  takes at least one finance class. If youre specializing in a finance-related track, youll take quite a few finance classes. The curriculum will be much easier to navigate if you are familiar with finance mathematics. Some of the specific topics youll want to study before heading off to business school include the time value of money, rates of return, and interest formulas. You should be able to calculate: Present and future valuesRequired rate of returnSimple rate of returnModified rate of returnInternal rate of returnSimple interest and compound interest Math for Accounting Like finance classes, accounting classes are practically  inevitable in an MBA program. Youll spend a lot of time working with financial statements, which means you need to be comfortable with common financial ratios. Understanding these ratios will help you analyze trends and perform ratio analysis. You should learn how to calculate: Liquidity ratiosFinancial leverage ratiosProfitability ratiosAsset turnover ratiosDividend policy ratios

Constantine s Declaration Of The Edict Of Milan - 1843 Words

Constantine’s declaration of the Edict of Milan left a lasting impact on Roman society. The Edict of Milan allowed the tolerance of all religions, which influenced laws surrounding religion. This investigation will evaluate the following research question: To what extent did Constantine’s Edict of Milan, issued in 313 C.E., affect the spread of Christianity in Rome until its collapse? The investigation will address if the Edict of Milan was a turning point for Christianity in Rome, and if it had greater impact on the Eastern or Western Roman Empire. To gather knowledge on the matter, the investigation will be relying heavily on books presenting the history of Christianity, Emperor Constantine, and The Edict of Milan itself. By examining The Edict of Milan and the religions of settlements surrounding the Roman Empire, this investigation will measure the impact Constantine’s Edict of Milan in Rome from 313 C.E. until its fall. The origin of my first source, Christi anity: A Global History, was a book written by David Chidester as a secondary source in 2000. There is little reveal of the author’s perspective because the historic information regarding Christianity was comprised of primarily unarguable fact. The author’s purpose in writing this piece was to provide readers with knowledge on the global foundation of Christianity. The author is also a scholar in religious studies, and is currently a professor teaching about religion at Cape Town University in South Africa. TheShow MoreRelatedConstantine And Empress Helen Their Impact On Christianity1479 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Constantine and Empress Helena: Their Impact on Christianity -Who was Constantine?: Constantine was believed to be born on February 22, either in 272 or 273 AD. The exact date and year is not definite. He was the son of Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus (mainly known as Constantius Chlorus) and Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta (mainly known as Saint Helena). His father was an officer of the army, and his mother was an inn keeper’s daughter. His father later divorced his motherRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church s Influence And Governance Over Europe Throughout The Middle Ages1936 Words   |  8 Pagesrefers to the period between the Conversion of Constantine in 313CE and the onset of the Renaissance Period during the early 14th century. In addition, this essay will examine and account for change in the institution and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. It will identify the nature and importance of continuity and the diversity of causes and outcomes of the Church’s influence through a range of historical perspectives. Since the conversion of Constantine in 313CE, Christianity transformed from a

Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship Free Essays

string(125) " good for a person because at times we will find ourselves attracted to people that share the same culture basis that we do\." Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship To the newly wedded couple, It has occurred to me that our current generation seems to lack the ability to communicate effectively with in an interpersonal relationships and it is through cooperation, collaboration, and compromise that an effective flow of communication occurs. If we analyzing and studying the communication process of both sending and receiving information, we can improve our ability to communicate effectively between one another. To have a successful interpersonal relationship one must first interact with others, which is called interpersonal communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Hybels, 2007) We spend most of our lives interacting with each other, with a dozen different reasons to talk to different people. We will tend to say things differently depending on who we are speaking too. So there is a lot more to communication that just putting words together and saying them out loud for the other person to hear. The ability to communicate effectively takes real skill and learning this skill never ends, even in a marriage. Being able to communicate effectively is probably one of the most important skills a person can have in a marriage, as the main cause for divorce is the lack of communication between one another. You are the only person that can say what you want your spouse to hear, so if you don’t know how to express what you want to say or explain your intentions clearly, the other one could easily take what you say and turn your own words agains you. So the best way to avoid this situation is to be assertive in how you communicate. When I say you must be assertive, I mean you must express your feelings and ideas openly, honestly, and take responsibility for your actions. It is also being willing to listen to what the other one is saying and respect them no matter how different their opinions may be from yours. You also need to be able to recognizing the emotions in one another, as it is a very important first step to building a good relationship. If one cannot feel what the other one is feeling, then you simply cannot connect with them on a personal or emotional level and that can deeply hinder one’s relationship process. Interpersonal communication is important because of the functions it achieves. Whenever we engage in communication with another person, we seek to exchange information with them, we also communicate information through a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal cues. Spoken communication has huge effects on all aspects of our life, to including interpersonal relationships, just as speaking and telling our needs and wants verbally or non-verbally is a necessity for our daily lives. Within our daily lives of both work and home, when we exchange information with our spouse, our verbal communication is organized by our language, whereas nonverbal communication is not. We spend about 75 percent of our day communicating our knowledge, thoughts, experiences, and ideas to each other. (Allis, 2002) What we don’t realize is that a lot of our communication is not made up of the oral or written form but of the nonverbal form. In communications involving two or more people, our messages are sent on two levels simultaneously and if the verbal cues are not congruent with the nonverbal cues, then the flow of communication is hindered. Correct or not, if the receiver of the communication will base the intentions of the sender on the nonverbal cues that they recieved. Most couples believe that they will communicate better because of the fact that they are in a relationship with this person and the depth of their personal knowledge and connectivity. (Schoenberg, 2011) All of this is based on the assumption that your significant other understands your intent even though your verbal and nonverbal signals are not matching up. So you two have to be cognizant of the nonverbal signals that you send to each other. Nonverbal cues can be categorized into two sections: vocal and visual. The vocal side of nonverbal communication involves timbre (quality and tone), pitch (inflection), intensity (volume), tempo (speed), rhythm, and pauses (silence). Whereas the visual side of nonverbal communication involves your eyes, face, body posture, and hand gestures. â€Å"Before a person makes an attempt to form an interpersonal relationship, they must decide what attracts them to that person. There are many factors that make up attractions to other: physical attractions, perceived gain, similarities, differences, and proximity are a few of them. (Hybels, 2007) As you too were attracted to each other from the start, it is common with most people to be attracted to each other by the way they look, some people might have certain distinct characteristics that they find more attractable then others. Tall or short, blonde or brunette hair, blue or green eyes, muscular or slender, or even freckles are many things that attract us to one another but if there is no attractions, you are going to be less likely to walk up to someone and strike up a conversation them. For example, I am covered from wrists to neck to waist with tattoos and I have found that they inhibit my ability to have a good first impression on many of the professors that I have had over the last several years of college. I didn’t notice it at first but over time I saw that I received a warmer reception and instruction from my teachers when I had long sleeves on but if I gave the instructor time to get to know me. I could slowly start to show tattoos and it would not affect how the instructor acted towards me. On the opposite side though, I have met very interesting and smart people that had just as many tattoos as I did because of the shared similarities that we had. The similarities and differences can be a major factor in determining if a relationship will be good for a person because at times we will find ourselves attracted to people that share the same culture basis that we do. You read "Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship" in category "Papers" It is not a hard reach though to see why people are often attracted to people who enjoy the same things as we do but people can also be attracted to the differences in personalities. For example, people who don’t like making decisions might be attracted to a stronger decision maker. Because these characteristics complement each other, they might help strengthen the relationship. † (Hybels, 2007) So keep this in mind when you two are communicating with each other and it seems that what you are trying to send in not being received properly, as your nonverbal cues or bodily language might be sending something entirely different. As important as sending the right signals both verbally and nonverbally, effective listening is just as important in any relationship. When one listens to another, it shows that you respect them and care about what the other person is trying to communicate. There are three important types of listening and they are active, critical, and empathic. (Sole, 2011) Active listening is assertive communication that develops a sense of trust, were the person talking gets the feeling that you know what they are trying to communicate is getting to you. In doing this, you two will build a stronger bond and trust each other more in what you say and do. Critical listening is an analytical and rational process of listening, in where you analysis what is being said, process the information, and make a judgement on what was meant. After one has been in a relationship for a while the critical listening will not be needed, as empathic listening will tend to take over. Empathic listening is listening to your spouse when they have an issue or problem that they just need to talk about and know that you are there to listen. So when you empathetically listen, you set aside your own feelings and concentrate on comforting you spouse in their time of emotional need. Once you can use empathic listening in your relationship, you will be able to reflect on what is being said and respond back on the same emotional level of the person communicating but empathic listening is something that takes time in a relationship and you cannot force emotions but you can just be there for your spouse. It is obvious that you too have already made the initial approach to each other but there can be times in you relationship that you will have to make the approach again because a new or different situation has developed. So it is good to know that once we have approached someone, the next steps of forming an interpersonal relationship would be our motives for communicating. Your motives for getting married can easily be seen if someone spends just a couple minutes with you two and you guys fit the text book definition of what motivates us for forming a relationship. As â€Å"we are motivated to form relationships for many different reasons such as, pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, control, and health. † (Hybels, 2007) If one is motivated by pleasure, he or she might want someone to watch the same movies, listen to music, or discuss things that they have in common. If one is motivated by affection, then finding someone who will give you the â€Å"affective affirmation† that you need. Regardless of what motivates us, if we have started to develop a relationship we have to decide how much of our selves that we want to share and at what point in the relationship do we share it. Another factor that would have been considered as well would be the proximity of each other, as â€Å"proximity is the close contact that occurs when people share an experience such as at work, school, or play. † (Hybels, 2007) But seeing as you to met in college and studied the same major, your proximity was really close and you too were able to hare a lot of really neat experiences together and still continue to do so. Speaking of sharing with one another, I would like to explain self-disclosure to both of you. As â€Å"self-disclosure is a process in which one person tells another person something he or she would not reveal to just anyone. † (Hybels, 2007) Self-disclosure in not just providing someone with information about yourself. Self-disclosure is about revealing a piece of yourself that others would not normally know or learn about you over time. It involves trusting a person with your vulnerabilities when your risk sharing this information but it is also a way of gaining more information from the person you are sharing it with and you want to be able to trust each other and predict the thoughts and actions of your spouse. When one shares information like this, we are able to judge the reactions of our significant other. So once we share this information, we can learn how they think and feel on certain situations or topics that would not normally come up in normal day discussions. It is also implied that once he or she begins self-disclosure, the other will follow suit. Thus causing a mutual disclosure and deepening the trust between two people in a relationship, knowing that they except you for who you are. While self-disclosure can strengthen a relationship it can also damage it as well but it is not called the intensifying stage for nothing because a relationship can be damaged if he or she is pouring out their soul to you and you don’t like what they are hearing or if the self-disclosure comes to early in the relationship, it can be just as damaging. There are five stages that we go through when developing and strengthening a relationship, these are the â€Å"coming together† stages. The first stage is the initiating stage, which is characterized by nervousness, caution, hesitation, and a very high risk of rejection. The next stage is the experimental stage, where we seek out any common interests, experiences, and life goals. It is in this stage that you might of talked about both of your education and career goals, when you might want to start a family, and what part of the city you wanted to settle down in. The third stage is the intensity stage in which the couple begins self-disclosure in an attempt to strengthen their relationship but also make it more vulnerable to each other. If you didn’t notice, when you two first started dating, your conversations were usually on positive topics in both of your lives but as time when on and you began to trust each other and build bonds. So when both of you felt comfortable in expressing your needs, fears, and desires; your relationship was strengthened and the two of you grew closer together as a couple. I don’t really think you two had an issues with this though, as you guys seemed to attach yourselves to each other after only a month had passed bye and the beginning and continued use of your pet names for each other made all of us sick but we were extremely grateful (kidding) when both of you got that summer intern job together. You two did come back a stronger couple though, so that summer really did bring you two together more, which led you into the fourth stage. The fourth stage is the integrating stage, in which the couple begins to communicate and respond easily to each others feelings. This is the point where your personalities began merging into one and we always saw you two together. I don’t think there was a single party or gathering that both of you were there for but you two made a cute couple and it was just expected after a time. The final stage would be the bonding stage. At this point, the couple will make some sort of commitment that announces their relationship to those around them,† (Hybels, 2007) involving a lot of commitment and dedication to the relationship and to each other. Whereas you two decided to get married and finally move into that small house you both were drooling over but you do know that once you two decide to have a baby, you will have to find a bigger house. In all of the stages discussed we all have decision to make, we can either continue to move forward to the next stage, stay in the same sta ge we are in, or terminate the relationship all together. No matter what we as individuals choose to do with our lives, we need to know how to communicate effectively to that next stage and we need to know how to handle and resolve conflict in any relationship we place ourselves in. â€Å"We can do this by conflict resolution, which is negotiating to find a solution to the conflict. † (Hybels, 2007) Depending on how a conflict is resolved it can produce a positive or negative result but it also helps to take a positive approach to any conflict resolution, where discussion is considerate and on-confrontational, and the heart of the matter is on the issues and not on the individuals. If this can be completed, then, as long as people are willingly listening to each other and explore facts, issues, and possible solutions properly, conflict can often be resolved effectively. Making interpersonal communication just like any other work of life, meaning that it must be practiced and utilized regularly to be successful and we must continually analyze and study it in order to improve our ability to communicate effectively in relationships. So if you relationship is to last a long time and be a healthy and happy one, it is important to maintain a constant and consistent flow of communication with your partner (Sole, 2011). I wish the best of luck to both of you and hope your future endeavors bring you as much happiness as the last ones did. Sincerely, Aaron Stamper Reference Allis, R. (2002). Non-verbal Communication. Zeromillion. com. Retrieved from http://www. zeromillion. com/business/management/non-verbal-communication. html Hybels, S. Weaver, R. (2007). Communicating Effectively. New York: McGraw-Hill Company Inc. Preston, P. (2005). Nonverbal communication: Do you really say what you mean? Journal of Healthcare Management. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com. Schoenberg, N. (2011). Can we talk? researcher talks about the role of communication in marriages. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. Sole, K. (2011). Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. ed. How to cite Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship, Papers Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship Free Essays string(125) " good for a person because at times we will find ourselves attracted to people that share the same culture basis that we do\." Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship To the newly wedded couple, It has occurred to me that our current generation seems to lack the ability to communicate effectively with in an interpersonal relationships and it is through cooperation, collaboration, and compromise that an effective flow of communication occurs. If we analyzing and studying the communication process of both sending and receiving information, we can improve our ability to communicate effectively between one another. To have a successful interpersonal relationship one must first interact with others, which is called interpersonal communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Hybels, 2007) We spend most of our lives interacting with each other, with a dozen different reasons to talk to different people. We will tend to say things differently depending on who we are speaking too. So there is a lot more to communication that just putting words together and saying them out loud for the other person to hear. The ability to communicate effectively takes real skill and learning this skill never ends, even in a marriage. Being able to communicate effectively is probably one of the most important skills a person can have in a marriage, as the main cause for divorce is the lack of communication between one another. You are the only person that can say what you want your spouse to hear, so if you don’t know how to express what you want to say or explain your intentions clearly, the other one could easily take what you say and turn your own words agains you. So the best way to avoid this situation is to be assertive in how you communicate. When I say you must be assertive, I mean you must express your feelings and ideas openly, honestly, and take responsibility for your actions. It is also being willing to listen to what the other one is saying and respect them no matter how different their opinions may be from yours. You also need to be able to recognizing the emotions in one another, as it is a very important first step to building a good relationship. If one cannot feel what the other one is feeling, then you simply cannot connect with them on a personal or emotional level and that can deeply hinder one’s relationship process. Interpersonal communication is important because of the functions it achieves. Whenever we engage in communication with another person, we seek to exchange information with them, we also communicate information through a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal cues. Spoken communication has huge effects on all aspects of our life, to including interpersonal relationships, just as speaking and telling our needs and wants verbally or non-verbally is a necessity for our daily lives. Within our daily lives of both work and home, when we exchange information with our spouse, our verbal communication is organized by our language, whereas nonverbal communication is not. We spend about 75 percent of our day communicating our knowledge, thoughts, experiences, and ideas to each other. (Allis, 2002) What we don’t realize is that a lot of our communication is not made up of the oral or written form but of the nonverbal form. In communications involving two or more people, our messages are sent on two levels simultaneously and if the verbal cues are not congruent with the nonverbal cues, then the flow of communication is hindered. Correct or not, if the receiver of the communication will base the intentions of the sender on the nonverbal cues that they recieved. Most couples believe that they will communicate better because of the fact that they are in a relationship with this person and the depth of their personal knowledge and connectivity. (Schoenberg, 2011) All of this is based on the assumption that your significant other understands your intent even though your verbal and nonverbal signals are not matching up. So you two have to be cognizant of the nonverbal signals that you send to each other. Nonverbal cues can be categorized into two sections: vocal and visual. The vocal side of nonverbal communication involves timbre (quality and tone), pitch (inflection), intensity (volume), tempo (speed), rhythm, and pauses (silence). Whereas the visual side of nonverbal communication involves your eyes, face, body posture, and hand gestures. â€Å"Before a person makes an attempt to form an interpersonal relationship, they must decide what attracts them to that person. There are many factors that make up attractions to other: physical attractions, perceived gain, similarities, differences, and proximity are a few of them. (Hybels, 2007) As you too were attracted to each other from the start, it is common with most people to be attracted to each other by the way they look, some people might have certain distinct characteristics that they find more attractable then others. Tall or short, blonde or brunette hair, blue or green eyes, muscular or slender, or even freckles are many things that attract us to one another but if there is no attractions, you are going to be less likely to walk up to someone and strike up a conversation them. For example, I am covered from wrists to neck to waist with tattoos and I have found that they inhibit my ability to have a good first impression on many of the professors that I have had over the last several years of college. I didn’t notice it at first but over time I saw that I received a warmer reception and instruction from my teachers when I had long sleeves on but if I gave the instructor time to get to know me. I could slowly start to show tattoos and it would not affect how the instructor acted towards me. On the opposite side though, I have met very interesting and smart people that had just as many tattoos as I did because of the shared similarities that we had. The similarities and differences can be a major factor in determining if a relationship will be good for a person because at times we will find ourselves attracted to people that share the same culture basis that we do. You read "Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship" in category "Essay examples" It is not a hard reach though to see why people are often attracted to people who enjoy the same things as we do but people can also be attracted to the differences in personalities. For example, people who don’t like making decisions might be attracted to a stronger decision maker. Because these characteristics complement each other, they might help strengthen the relationship. † (Hybels, 2007) So keep this in mind when you two are communicating with each other and it seems that what you are trying to send in not being received properly, as your nonverbal cues or bodily language might be sending something entirely different. As important as sending the right signals both verbally and nonverbally, effective listening is just as important in any relationship. When one listens to another, it shows that you respect them and care about what the other person is trying to communicate. There are three important types of listening and they are active, critical, and empathic. (Sole, 2011) Active listening is assertive communication that develops a sense of trust, were the person talking gets the feeling that you know what they are trying to communicate is getting to you. In doing this, you two will build a stronger bond and trust each other more in what you say and do. Critical listening is an analytical and rational process of listening, in where you analysis what is being said, process the information, and make a judgement on what was meant. After one has been in a relationship for a while the critical listening will not be needed, as empathic listening will tend to take over. Empathic listening is listening to your spouse when they have an issue or problem that they just need to talk about and know that you are there to listen. So when you empathetically listen, you set aside your own feelings and concentrate on comforting you spouse in their time of emotional need. Once you can use empathic listening in your relationship, you will be able to reflect on what is being said and respond back on the same emotional level of the person communicating but empathic listening is something that takes time in a relationship and you cannot force emotions but you can just be there for your spouse. It is obvious that you too have already made the initial approach to each other but there can be times in you relationship that you will have to make the approach again because a new or different situation has developed. So it is good to know that once we have approached someone, the next steps of forming an interpersonal relationship would be our motives for communicating. Your motives for getting married can easily be seen if someone spends just a couple minutes with you two and you guys fit the text book definition of what motivates us for forming a relationship. As â€Å"we are motivated to form relationships for many different reasons such as, pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, control, and health. † (Hybels, 2007) If one is motivated by pleasure, he or she might want someone to watch the same movies, listen to music, or discuss things that they have in common. If one is motivated by affection, then finding someone who will give you the â€Å"affective affirmation† that you need. Regardless of what motivates us, if we have started to develop a relationship we have to decide how much of our selves that we want to share and at what point in the relationship do we share it. Another factor that would have been considered as well would be the proximity of each other, as â€Å"proximity is the close contact that occurs when people share an experience such as at work, school, or play. † (Hybels, 2007) But seeing as you to met in college and studied the same major, your proximity was really close and you too were able to hare a lot of really neat experiences together and still continue to do so. Speaking of sharing with one another, I would like to explain self-disclosure to both of you. As â€Å"self-disclosure is a process in which one person tells another person something he or she would not reveal to just anyone. † (Hybels, 2007) Self-disclosure in not just providing someone with information about yourself. Self-disclosure is about revealing a piece of yourself that others would not normally know or learn about you over time. It involves trusting a person with your vulnerabilities when your risk sharing this information but it is also a way of gaining more information from the person you are sharing it with and you want to be able to trust each other and predict the thoughts and actions of your spouse. When one shares information like this, we are able to judge the reactions of our significant other. So once we share this information, we can learn how they think and feel on certain situations or topics that would not normally come up in normal day discussions. It is also implied that once he or she begins self-disclosure, the other will follow suit. Thus causing a mutual disclosure and deepening the trust between two people in a relationship, knowing that they except you for who you are. While self-disclosure can strengthen a relationship it can also damage it as well but it is not called the intensifying stage for nothing because a relationship can be damaged if he or she is pouring out their soul to you and you don’t like what they are hearing or if the self-disclosure comes to early in the relationship, it can be just as damaging. There are five stages that we go through when developing and strengthening a relationship, these are the â€Å"coming together† stages. The first stage is the initiating stage, which is characterized by nervousness, caution, hesitation, and a very high risk of rejection. The next stage is the experimental stage, where we seek out any common interests, experiences, and life goals. It is in this stage that you might of talked about both of your education and career goals, when you might want to start a family, and what part of the city you wanted to settle down in. The third stage is the intensity stage in which the couple begins self-disclosure in an attempt to strengthen their relationship but also make it more vulnerable to each other. If you didn’t notice, when you two first started dating, your conversations were usually on positive topics in both of your lives but as time when on and you began to trust each other and build bonds. So when both of you felt comfortable in expressing your needs, fears, and desires; your relationship was strengthened and the two of you grew closer together as a couple. I don’t really think you two had an issues with this though, as you guys seemed to attach yourselves to each other after only a month had passed bye and the beginning and continued use of your pet names for each other made all of us sick but we were extremely grateful (kidding) when both of you got that summer intern job together. You two did come back a stronger couple though, so that summer really did bring you two together more, which led you into the fourth stage. The fourth stage is the integrating stage, in which the couple begins to communicate and respond easily to each others feelings. This is the point where your personalities began merging into one and we always saw you two together. I don’t think there was a single party or gathering that both of you were there for but you two made a cute couple and it was just expected after a time. The final stage would be the bonding stage. At this point, the couple will make some sort of commitment that announces their relationship to those around them,† (Hybels, 2007) involving a lot of commitment and dedication to the relationship and to each other. Whereas you two decided to get married and finally move into that small house you both were drooling over but you do know that once you two decide to have a baby, you will have to find a bigger house. In all of the stages discussed we all have decision to make, we can either continue to move forward to the next stage, stay in the same sta ge we are in, or terminate the relationship all together. No matter what we as individuals choose to do with our lives, we need to know how to communicate effectively to that next stage and we need to know how to handle and resolve conflict in any relationship we place ourselves in. â€Å"We can do this by conflict resolution, which is negotiating to find a solution to the conflict. † (Hybels, 2007) Depending on how a conflict is resolved it can produce a positive or negative result but it also helps to take a positive approach to any conflict resolution, where discussion is considerate and on-confrontational, and the heart of the matter is on the issues and not on the individuals. If this can be completed, then, as long as people are willingly listening to each other and explore facts, issues, and possible solutions properly, conflict can often be resolved effectively. Making interpersonal communication just like any other work of life, meaning that it must be practiced and utilized regularly to be successful and we must continually analyze and study it in order to improve our ability to communicate effectively in relationships. So if you relationship is to last a long time and be a healthy and happy one, it is important to maintain a constant and consistent flow of communication with your partner (Sole, 2011). I wish the best of luck to both of you and hope your future endeavors bring you as much happiness as the last ones did. Sincerely, Aaron Stamper Reference Allis, R. (2002). Non-verbal Communication. Zeromillion. com. Retrieved from http://www. zeromillion. com/business/management/non-verbal-communication. html Hybels, S. Weaver, R. (2007). Communicating Effectively. New York: McGraw-Hill Company Inc. Preston, P. (2005). Nonverbal communication: Do you really say what you mean? Journal of Healthcare Management. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com. Schoenberg, N. (2011). Can we talk? researcher talks about the role of communication in marriages. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. Sole, K. (2011). Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. ed. How to cite Effectively Communicating in an Interpersonal Relationship, Essay examples

Business Ethics and Corporate Governance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics and Corporate Governance Inference. Answer: Introduction: It is very important for a company to follow the ethical decision making to maintain its position on the top just by working for the profit motive, but rather by maintaining Ethical values. Coca-Cola is the world?s largest company in providing beverages. It nearly provides more than a billion goods throughout the world. It is the world?s most valuable logo and brand. It is well known for providing its consumers a regular supply of the products without any interruption. Due to all this features the company has been successful in developing long term relations with the consumers and thus providing a huge profit to the organization. Thus all this features has helped this company in reaching this height of success. It has also given a great importance to the overall development of the society by improving both social and economic situation of the society. It has initiated various programs for the betterment of the society. It has also supported various sustainable development intension based technology that will be helpful to only the present society but even to the coming generation. It has also taken various steps to stop the wastage of water and also has taken various steps to improve its present situation. It has also helped the people by helping the local organization to maintain peace and initiating overall health betterment. Some of these examples are that the company is helping the UNAIDS and is helping in curing the AIDS/HIV epidemics that is prevailing throughout the world. (Douglas R McKay, 2015) Along with this various scholarship programs and other initiative in the education sector has helped many students of the poor areas to come forward and get successful. Thus the company has always given importance in marinating the company?s name as one of the most valuable brand by maintain loyalty and sincerity towards the customers throughout the world. For this they have got recognition and has also be awarded with various prices at international level. But despite this fame the company has also been in the news for various wrong deeds, of which Ethical discrimination is one of the major problems. The price of its stocks has remained unchanged for about a decade because the company has been charged several times for racial and other ethical discrimination with its staffs, customers, other officials, etc. (Terblanche, 2015) The major charges that created the biggest problems for the Coca-Cola company are as follows:- Belgium Crises:- In 1999 several children fell ill by consuming the company?s products. But as no much action was taken post the incident by the company that led to large scale opposition against the company. The Belgium stores owners boycotted all the Coca-Cola products that resulted to a great loss to the company. Even other countries like Luxemburg and Netherlands followed the steps of the Belgium people. (Freeman Greenwood, 2015) Racial Discrimination charges:- After the Belgium crises the problem of the company didn?t improved. In the same year the company was charged with racial discrimination allegations by the African American employees. The company was criticized for its policy for placing the African American employees at the bottom of the salary scale. Thus a huge financial loss was suffered by the company as it had to pay the compensation to the employees to solve the issue. (Bain, 2017) Other issues:- Other issues like problem with the Burger King Market Test, earning through inflationary prices, problems in distribution, etc. Along with this various scholarship programs and other initiative in the education sector has helped many students of the poor areas to come forward and get successful. Thus the company has always given importance in marinating the company?s name as one of the most valuable brand by maintain loyalty and sincerity towards the customers throughout the world. For this they have got recognition and has also be awarded with various prices at international level. But despite this fame the company has also been in the news for various wrong deeds, of which Ethical discrimination is one of the major problems. The price of its stocks has remained unchanged for about a decade because the company has been charged several times for racial and other ethical discrimination with its staffs, customers, other officials, etc. (Terblanche, 2015) Thus even after reaching the heights of the success due to several issues internally and externally the resulted in the fall of the company?s reputation. (Clarke, 2014) A brief history of the organization:- Coca-Cola is one of the most valuable company and foremost in the beverages section. It is well known for its varieties of the products. Due to its value out of the top five sold beverages of the world, four are a Coca-Cola product. These products mainly include the regular Coke, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. Thus due to its regular services and plenty of stock it has developed such a relation with the consumers that they will remain intact with the company for a long term and will be benefited to the company throughout their life. The major competitor of the Coca-Cola products is the Pepsi products that also hold a large share of global beverages supply. (Goel., 2014) Thus both these companies targeted the international market and by providing the demanded goods they are running in a race to capture more market since ages. Thus firstly Coca-Cola was just an American company selling its products in all corners of the world but now it is recognized as an international company that also sells its products in America. Thus, even Coca-Cola has the same main target of maximum market capturing like all other companies. But to make this task possible it has constantly bring new ideas and ways so that other companies doesn?t affects it position. The success of Coca-Cola even after all this struggles was possible due to its unique products, its merging strategy with other international firms, its services and quality, its focus on snacks business along with beverages, etc. Thus various stats shows that out of its total earnings about 25-30% share comes from America while rest is obtained from the other companies of the world. (Rossouw, 2005) Argument:- Coca-Cola is considered as a top level company as it survived even after facing many national and international issues that affected the company financially, morally, socially and ethically. But one question that arises in the mind is that despite being the top firm why such low level of acts was done by the company. It is a known fact that about 3/4th of the company?s sales is in the other countries. Many developing company has a large share in the company?s sales. So discrimination on the bases of race, skin color, earning profit by manipulating with the price and quality, cheating with its distributors, manipulation in the earnings, etc. should not have taken place. Thus you should not cheat with the ones on whom you are dependent for the earnings. The more you take care of them the more they will take care of yourselves. (Rossouw G. (., 2015) Oppositions Argument or Position:- As a company, it has not always been in a clean image and had gone through a lot of ups and down. When we come across the history it carries till date, we witness a series of incidents like the racial discrimination cases; it was accused of, the problems with whistle blowers sharing the incidents of how a frozen coke took a demised turn for a kid due to toxins of stale contents etc. There isn?t much to be done by the competitors here as they have been a witness to all the possible cases wherein it not only shows the series of cases of customer dissatisfaction, chances of how many times it has been sued by the customers, multiple layers of agitations files against the company, channel stuffing and inflated profits due to retail investors making a high margin are just another incidents witnesses by the competitors. (Eastern Michigan University, 2015) There are a series of observations wherein it even had trouble with the distributors, unions of the employees and retail and whole sale sector, problems with the trade secrets unions of coco-cola, there are enumerate examples wherein the ethical compliances of the company were kept stake and still it could not recover the same. The position of the company in the market is in a swing of controversies, series of cases, indemnity cases, health files, union issues reimbursement, customer dissatisfaction, and these are not minor problems for the company and have taken lot more than the reputation and clientele it carried before few years and the same as on date. As on date, it is trying to o reduce their ethical cases to negligible and to focus on reaching across the globe. What all we witnessed, are all problems that could be amended and while we gave instances of how they could have handled the problem differently and how efficiently they are trying to come up with a solution altogether. It is trying to amend the issues it had witnessed till now and come up with a clearer image with the unions, trade committees, sales, retail and wholesale sector, distribution channels etc. (Governance, 2016) Ethical decision making approaches and theories relied upon While coming across the issues wherein it is stuck as on date, the areas which we tried to come across and resolve are with the manner it dealt with the unions, trade committees, sales, retail and wholesale sector, distribution channels etc. shall be in a systematic and better manner, it should have a process flow which only defines how effective the same shall be handled but also signifies that the process should be transparent, have a decentralization which would specify that who is responsible for what and what will be the accountability of the same and how much responsible the SPOC will be for each line item. (Salehi, 2012) This will give a broader image and set up an ethical process as a whole which will not only signify how much compliances the company is able to comply with but also that the same shall be strived for sustaining in the long run as well. These practices shall target that the clientele shall be continued with and able to capture more market with the help of its objectives, whether they are in line with the industry ones and gradually there should be a bridge between the decided objectives and achieved ones. (Libraries, 2015) Summary/Conclusion:Coca-Cola is one of the most valuable companies of the world. So it should not neglect these above mentioned ethical issues as the impact of these issues is can be responsible for the future fall of the organization. This in the practice of becoming the top company of the world ethical principles should not be forgotten. Because forgetting these ethical principles can affect the reputation of the company and also the trust of the global consumers in the company. (Springer, Journal Of Business Ethics) Thus Coca-Cola has reached this height of success just by the support of the consumers. So valuing them along with their employees who has helped the company to maintain this large scale business will lead the company to the greater heights. For this the above mentioned ethical and other issues should be solved as soon as possible by implementing the ways that will bring the organization out these problems. Because if quick solutions are not brought for these issues than the fall of even such a big global firm is confirmed as one can sustain in the till it has long term consumers, once this support is lost the company can be replaced by its alternatives (Larcker, 2016) Bibliography Bain, D. S. (2017). Journal of Academic Buisness Ethics. Journal of Academic Legal Issues, 1-1. Clarke, T. (2014). Ethics, Values and Corporate Governance. Open Mind, 1-1. Douglas R McKay. (2015). Corporate governance and business ethics. PMC Libaries , 271-272. Eastern Michigan University. (2015). Research Guided, 1-1. Ethics, M. C. (2017). Corporate Governance. Sata Clara University, 1-1. Freeman, Greenwood, M. (2015). Ethics Corporate. Journal Of Business Etics, 1-1. Goel., M. (2014). Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility ? Is there a Dividing Line. Elsevier, 49-59. Governance, A. C. (2016). The Corruption Index 2013: . Applied Corp Governance, 1-1. Larcker, P. C. (2016). Causal Inference in Accounting Research. Journal of Accounting Reseach, 477-523. Libraries, U. M. (2015). Business Ethics: An Undergraduate Research Guide : . UW Madison Earliers, 1-1. Rossouw, G. (. (2015). Business ethics and corporate governance in he Second King Report: Farsighted or futile? . Departmemt of Philosphy, 1-1. Rossouw, G. J. (2005). Business Ethics and Corporate Governance in Africa. Sage Journals, 1-1. Salehi, M. (2012). Business Ethics. International Journal of Scientif Research Institute, 1-5. Springer. (Journal Of Business Ethics). Special Issue: on Responsible Business in Social Media. Springer, 1-1. Terblanche, N. S. (2015). Corporate governance and business ethics: Pictures of the policies. Research Gate, 1-1. Business Ethics and Corporate Governance – MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics and Corporate Governance Challenges. Answer: Introduction: The scientific research demands the researcher to use the quantitative approach. Additionally, the researcher will conduct interviews and offer the questionnaire to 50 individuals within Maharashtra in Mumbai state in the view of assessing or rather evaluating the corporate governance of the Indiana company reliance commonly referred to as Reliance Industries Limited. This evaluation and collection of data will be done in accordance to the ethical structures that have been formulated to see that the whole activity is a success and is conducted without any form of bias whatsoever (Pandit, 2016). The researcher will go to different organization in the bid of collecting requisite data from different personalities. Practically, the researcher has to put into consideration other individual by allowing different personalities within the organization participate in the auspicious research so as to get clear analysis of data and representation in their work (Zimmerli, Richter, Holzinger, 20 07). This therefore manes that the researcher will use all appropriate tools to collect data in very explicit manner so as to aid them in their analytical work upon collection of the said data. Notably, the conclusions will be made basing their results on the collected data. Similarly, the summation of the collected information will be realized through the use of both Ms Excel and SPSS. It is ideal to state that corporate governance implies the regulation, practices, strategies and rules that is primarily aimed at making the organization dispense their services well. This is majorly aimed at controlling the business effectively in order to meet the set objectives in the market. Therefore, corporate governance is aimed at balancing the interests of the company and that of other stakeholders in the. organization (Vallabhaneni, Association of Professionals in Business Management, 2008). It further provides some of the measures that ought to be adopted by the organization in order to realize its objectives in the business. A total of 39 employees were interviewed from different departments so as to collect important information from those departments and how they carry out their activities in those areas. Similarly, a total of 9 departmental heads were, also interviewed in the same and lastly 2 managers. This data is a clear representation of all the segments within the organization. Analysis of the Corporate Governance The report from the Centre for International Corporate Governance Research., Victoria Graduate School of Business (2006) indicate that the board of directors do influence the corporate governance in an organization since they are the major stakeholder. For this reason, their decision may in one way or another affect the functionality of the venture if it is not well informed. Therefore, it is always prudent for the board of the directors to always deliberate well before coming up with the conclusively decisions so as to allow the firm to continue operating effectively. It is common knowledge that bad governance would result to great loss and thereby poor performance of the organization. This is evident where the Management fails to fully cooperate with the auditor during the auditing process. It has been observed that at times the auditor is provided with inadequate information to carry out their duty effectively. The current chair and the Managing According to Simpson andTaylor (2013) Director of RIL is Ambani Mukesh who has seen the organization realize a lot of success through his constant consultation with the other stakeholders. It is important to state that the firm has really grown in the recent time. This is attributed by the god performance at Forex report which clearly shows the stability and good performance of the firm amid stiff competition posed by other investors in the same line of business (Keinert, 2016). The National Stock Exchange of India Limited showed a substantial improvement of the firm in its operations. It was explicitly clear that approximately 3.46 per cent of its overall shares are captured in on Luxembourg Stock Exchange (Klein, 2016). This is a clear indication of its good performance in the market. There are major subsidiaries and associates of this firm namely; reliance retail, reliance institute of life science and many other firm working closely with the other firm. From the interviews or interrogation with the employees, it was clearly evident that the Management does hear the plight of its employees and puts it into considerations due to their noble role in the organization. 17 out of the total 39 employees who were interviewed stated clearly that they are well motivated in the organization and they would prefer to continue dispensing their services in the venture. The dependent variables sourced from these cases are gifts, incentives, remuneration, and appraisals (Murthy, 2009). The major dependent variable in this case is the motivation which comes in different forms. This shows that, failure to satisfy the above needs, the effort put in place suffers extinction. Therefore, it can have stated that DV has to entirely depend on the Independent variable for it to function effectively (Adelopo, 2016). The good cordial relation in the organization he correlation of the motivation to workability is always a crucial, component that the governance o ught to critically look into so as to improve on the workability of the business in the long run. 22 other employees were not fully contented with the services since they purport that they have never been promoted from their position for a very long period of time and thereby they find this as something that is devastating. This makes most of them opt for greener pastures elsewhere. It is ideal to state that best governance is commensurate to good Management (Martin, 2006). When the manager is able to explain the underlying matter at hand to its staff it may be in a position to understand their situation and cooperate towards the productivity of the organization. Corporate Governance issues About the issue of governance processes, it was found out that the leadership at time is very harsh to its employees making some of them not ready to disclose their issues to the managerial team (Howell Sorour, 2016). Most of the staff that there is some level of variability in leadership applied in the organization and thereby unpredictable to determine the outcome of the leader in case of any query in the premise. Approximately two thirds of the interviewed employees preferred democratic type of leadership since they can be able to air out their challenges effectively to the management without fear of victimization unlike when the leadership being administered is the dictatorial one. Some of the interviewed employees greatly commended their departmental heads for their effort they are putting in place and that spirit of encouraging the employees to continue working as a team (Rezaee, 2009). They are viewed as the team leader since they fully support or advocate for team work. From the collected data it was simple for the researcher to determine the type of leaders using the Blakes managerial grid which characterizes different types of leaders in various categories due to the attributes they possess. Notably, the two managers who were interviewed on the other hand stated that they have been able to move a long way with their employees in a very good manner. However, they noted some of the challenges that they do undergo as an institution since every institution does undergo some level of challenges on their daily basis (Sison, 2008). They further stated they have put some mechanism to see to it that the corporate governance is effective and very accommodative to take into consideration divergent views from different levels of people. Conclusion It can be concluded that the type of governance solely determines the functionality of the organization. Best corporate governance realizes good results for the organization. Moreover. It makes sure that the set objectives of the business are met in a very explicit manner. This also creates conducive environment for the both the employees and the senior manager to dispense their services effectively for the good of the venture and thereby realizing some form of good production for the organization. The pressures or negative forces in the company come as a result of failure in the part of corporate governance which results to entropy in the whole system. Good governance ensures that the good strategies are formulated in the view of bettering the whole system for efficacy purposes. References Adelopo, I. (2016).Auditor independence: Auditing, corporate governance and market confidence. London: Routledge. Centre for International Corporate Governance Research., Victoria Graduate School of Business. (2006).Journal of business systems, governance and ethics. Melbourne: Victoria University. Howell, K. E., In Sorour, M. K. (2016).Corporate governance in Africa: Assessing implementation and ethical perspectives. Keinert, C. (2016).Corporate social responsibility and discrimination: Gender bias in personnel selection. Klein, E. (2016).Corporate governance: Principles, practices and challenges. Martin, D. M. (2006).Corporate governance: Practical guidance on accountability requirements. London: Thorogood. Murthy, C. S. V. (2009).Business ethics and corporate governance. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Pandit, V. (2016).Ethics, economics and social institutions. Rezaee, Z. (2009).Corporate governance and ethics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Simpson, J., Taylor, J. R. (2013).Corporate governance, ethics, and CSR. London: Kogan Page. Sison, A. G. (2008).Corporate governance and ethics: An Aristotelian perspective. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Vallabhaneni, S. R., Association of Professionals in Business Management. (2008).Corporate management, governance, and ethics best practices. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Zimmerli, W. C., Richter, K., Holzinger, M. (2007).Corporate ethics and corporate governance. (Springer e-books.) Berlin: Springer.

Big fish essays

Big fish essays Big Fish is a movie about a father and son who arent very close. The son, William Bloom, is angry with his father because the father is always telling stories, or tall tales. The father, Edward Bloom, starts out in the movie telling the story about catching the fish at Williams wedding reception. William is really upset with his dad for telling the stories and storms out of his own reception. This ultimately leads to the fallout, or not talking, between the father and son. William gets a call from his mother, and she tells him his father is ill and that William needs to come home. When William returns home, he finds his father ill and weak, in bed. William wants to find out from his father the truth about Edward's life. All William has known is the stories, but William knows the stories are not true. The movie strays away from reality and goes into the stories behind the fathers life. When Edward was a kid, he and some friends went to an old witchs house, where he was dared to steal her magical eye. Edward gained the courage to go up to the witches door and she shows him something. The witch shows Edward how he and his friends were going to die. Coincidentally the witch was also the character that played Jenny Beaman. Growing up, Edward became the towns pride. He conquered many things in the town of Ashton. Edward volunteered to conquer the giant that was terrorizing the town, the giant known as Karl ends up becoming friends with Edward. Edward convinces Karl the town is just too small and they decide to leave the town together. They encounter many things on their way. Edward strays away from Karl and takes a shortcut, which he ends up in the town of Spectre. He meets people such as the little girl, Jenny Beaman, and Norther Winslow. Edward decides that Spectre isnt the place for him, yet. When Edward finally gets to the point that he meets Karl on the road, they go to the ...

Advantages and Disadvantages of E

Advantages and Disadvantages of E E-learning is the use technology and different forms of electronic devices in learning or teaching, either through internet or intranet means like online instructors and experts, self-paced studying or delivery of taped information in DVDs and CD-ROM. E-learning can include the use of written text, pictures, virtual information, animations and video or audio (Fuller 2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enables learners to get information any time and at any location through the web, computers, virtual methods or using digital material. E-learning is not necessarily academic or for the purpose of receiving awards; it includes some basic forms like knowledge databases which offer information on how to perform some specific tasks or guidelines, answers and explanations for questions . There are many advantages and disadvantages of e-lear ning as compared to traditional learning methods. One of the main advantages of e-learning is convenience, in that it enables an individual to access learning material at any time and from any place as long as their electronic devices are properly configured. People who are working or have busy schedules can learn at their own pace without having to meet set time deadlines and without worrying about being late for classes, they do not have to quit their jobs or leave their families when they go to schools or colleges. Studies are done at home where people do not have to travel and so there is no problem of security when travelling to the learning venues (Fuller 2009). Older people who were not able to pursue their studies or people in the corporate world who need to upgrade their skills or gain new skills can learn through the internet and avoid embarrassing and intimidating situations of being in a classroom setting with younger students and having to compete with them for classroo m resources. The flexibility, availability and affordability of e-learning have made it attractive to many companies and organization and most of them use this method in training and educating their staff (Ebner 2007). A company can train its workforce from different parts of the world at the same time from a single location. Individuals can also terminate their studies whenever they feel under pressure, or when they do not have enough time and continue later when they are ready. E-learning has made it easier for people to pursue long distant learning programs especially at graduate and post graduate levels, where people who are doing research projects are able to communicate with their instructors from anywhere. E-learning exposes student to advanced communication technology that provides them with the experience that is helpful to them in the modern corporate world. Due to globalization and the advancement of information technology, organizations have expanded their businesses to different parts of the world. This makes it difficult and expensive to conduct meetings at the company headquarters or at one particular station.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many organizations and enterprises are adopting modern communication technology like sending e-mails, on-line memos and the use of video conferencing methods instead of physical meetings. They also store and up-date their information online and so they expect their employees to be conversant with modern systems of information technology if they are going to be competent enough to work for them (Ebner 2007). Another advantage of e-learning is that it allows for opportunities to study anything. There are a variety of different courses in different education levels and from many colleges both local and international, which are on offer in the internet. A student is able to choose their preferred course which might not be offered in the colleges and universities near them. They can also pursue several different courses in the same institution or in different institutions at the same time depending on their flexibility. Scholars who are far from learning institutions can pursue education via the internet at competitive and affordable prices. It is also beneficial to international students, the advancement of communication technology and internet in the world makes it possible for people especially in poor countries in the developing world to have the alternative of pursuing quality education in colleges and universities abroad without having to incur transport, visa and living costs. This also encourages institutions to provide scholarships and learning opportunities since they do not have to take care of the student. This makes it possible for them to acquire knowledge and information that helps them in developing their countries. A greater number of students can also pursue there education since they do not have to rely on government or private support, small enterprises and organizations are also able to sponsor students (Dasgupta 2006). Research information can be retrieved from the internet with the availability of online journals, books, web articles, and magazines, et cetera. E-learning is also cheap as compared to classroom learning with the reduction of print material, furniture and teachers salaries, one reading session can hold a bigger number of student who cannot be contained in a single classroom or lecture theatre (Fuller,2009 ). The created material can be accessed in the internet and it can be easily stored or transferred sometimes with the payment of a small fee, this reduces the necessity of having to go to a library or buying whole books and journals when one is interested in a particular topic or article. This material remains in the internet and it is not easily tampered and so its quality and reliability is guaranteed (Ebner 2007).Adver tising We will write a custom report sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another advantage of e-learning is interacting and socializing with other student who come from different areas, in more advanced situations the use of on-line discussions groups, e-mails and video conferencing enables student to exchange information and reading materials. They can also assist each other with problems in their studies without having to meet through collaborative learning (Ebner 2007). Students can meet other people with similar learning styles who are from different cultures and backgrounds. The interaction and integration of students from different cultures diversifies their learning especially on social and other non-scientific subjects. There are healthier and interesting discussions and debates. Students are able to look at their learning from different perspectives. A disadvantage of e- lear ning is that it requires computer and internet knowledge and skills and most people might not have them, it is highly sophisticated and that makes it expensive (Ebner 2007). It also requires one to have uninterrupted and easy internet and computer access, one must be computer savvy to be able to obtain full advantage of this method of learning and also keep on updating themselves on new technological innovations and developments. People have to keep updating themselves with new material from time to time or else they are left behind in their studies (Fuller 2009). E-learning lacks physical interaction between students and their teachers and among students themselves as compared to a classroom setting. It mainly depends on student initiative and the students are responsible for their learning. This can be a disadvantage to those students who learn at slow pace and need assistance or to ask questions because they might be left behind or miss important points (Dasgupta 2006). It is dif ficult to teach subjects that require discussions and debates because even when there is opportunity for interaction, the time is limited and very few people can participate. E-learning can also be boring and tiring when an individual has to sit in front of a computer or listen to an educational tape or video for many hours alone without any other form of interaction which they can also take part, they can doze off.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There have been arguments about health problems and issues that are related with spending huge amount of times on computers, some people argue that this has a bad impact on socialization, there are also problems associated with lack of exercise due to long sitting hours like obesity and also eyesight complications (Dasgupta 2006). Another problem of e-learning is that people who have a short concentration span might not be able to concentrate when they are studying, either because of the environments in which they are studying or because they get easily distracted, for example in the case of nursing mothers and housewives. A classroom setting ensures that people have close and one on one contact with their trainers and this can increase their concentration, there are opportunities for teamwork and group work in classes and students can ask questions or discuss. There is also no follow up on students who drop out of e-learning either because they loose interest or because they lack t he time to continue studying or they do not have the competence in using information technology. It is easier for students to copy and cheat in assignments especially when there are no sit-in exams. Students can pay other people to do their assignments for them or submit copied work without being noticed by their supervisors. Another problem is assessing the standard, quality and effectiveness of e-learning based courses. Due to the large number and wide variety of courses offered in e-learning, it is difficult to ascertain the impact and quality of knowledge that many e-learning students acquire and whether they are able to keep and apply the acquired knowledge in their different fields and professions when they get through with their studies (Dasgupta 2006 ). E-learning is also not effective when learning sciences or performing scientific experiments. Although there might be well outlined and elaborated guidelines, there is still need for physical supervision to make sure that stu dents clearly understand and follow the instructions and to also make sure that the results are correct and consistent. This cannot be done through e-learning because the instructor needs to teach and observe every student individually. Most applied sciences which involve practical experiments can only be taught effectively in a classroom or laboratory setting. E-learning can also be challenging when learning languages with parts and sounds that require listening and practicing. Many people learn foreign languages in colleges and e-learning might not effectively deliver this knowledge. E-learning has its many advantages and disadvantages. It is important to note that with the rapid spread and advancement of information technology, it is the best way of acquiring education. It is also preferred when there is time constraint and its costs are much less than those of other traditional forms of teaching (Fuller 2009). Blending of e-learning and other traditional classroom and visual met hods ensures that students are able to receive better and quality education. Reference List Ebner, K., 2007, The Impact of Introducing E-learning Courses. Norderstedt: GRIN. Fuller, C., 2009. Advantages and Disadvantages to eLearning. Web. Available at  https://ezinearticles.com/?Advantages-and-Disadvantages-to-eLearningid=2729026 Dasgupta, S., 2006, Encyclopedia of virtual communities and technologies. London: Idea Group Ltd.

Mechanical Engineering- Mechanical Project Essay - 1

Mechanical Engineering- Mechanical Project - Essay Example Mongols, began utilising composite bows around 1200AD, presenting improvements on the utilisation of composites. The Mongols combined wood, bone and animal glue to create a powerful weapon, which provided them with significant military dominance during these ancient times. The modern era of composites began with the development of plastics, which contributed significantly towards increased utilisation of composite materials. The utilisation of plastics began in nearly 1900s, replacing natural resins previously utilised in composites. These plastics, however, had the weakness of lacking sufficient strength for structural requirements (Kulshreshtha and Vasile 2002). Owens Corning remains credited with the introduction of fibre glass in 1935, which ultimately solved the problem of plastics lacking sufficient strength. This invention remains the notable beginning for Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) industry. During the Second World War, demand for alternate materials increased, as they b ecame necessary in the manufacture of lightweight military aircrafts. During this period numerous advancements occurred regarding the production and application of fibre composites. Engineers discovered other advantages as these material remains transparent to radio frequencies utilised during wartime. Many fibreglass reinforced material became adopted in protecting electronic radar equipment. Following the end of the war inventors began making application for the fibreglass within other industries, other than aviation. Brandt Goldsworthy – grandfather of composites, developed numerous processes for manufacturing composites utilised in different industries. He remains accredited with development of the first fibreglass surfboard, which revolutionised surfing, and remains commonly utilised even today. This scientist invented pultrusion – the process utilised today in the manufacture of many fibreglass materials. The utilisation of composites could be identified as havin g begun maturing. During the 1970s, improvements were made; consequently producing better plastic resins (Seymour and Deanin 1987). Carbon fibre also developed during this period and has continued to replace metal as the material of choice. During the periods preceding these developments, metallic materials were highly utilised in the manufacture of many tools. Currently almost all manufactured tools have handles made from carbon fibre. As the composite industry continues to advance technologically, the 21st century has brought challenges focusing on renewable fibres and green environment. The 21st century concerns have changed the focus towards utilisation of environmentally friendly fibres based on ensuring sustainability on the industry (Johnson 2013). Under the current environmental concerns, inventions continue to occur utilising recyclable resins and bio-degradable fibres. Focus has been exclusively dedicated towards delivering environmentally friendly sustainable fibre source s. The concept of utilising composites in manufacturing various tools remains the same. Various universities and dedicated organisations continue to pursue research seeking to establish utilisation of fibres meeting the energy and environmental requirements of the 21st century. The current focus of composite development remains concerned with delivering environmentally friendly composite materials, and focuses on improving properties of

Relexology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relexology - Term Paper Example According to the theory of reflexology, different areas on the palms of hands and soles of feet correspond to various organs and glands of the body. Applying pressure on these reflex points stimulates the flow of energy. This creates a balance within the body and brings about a state of relaxation and peace of mind. In reflexology, the term reflex corresponds to ‘reflection’, and comes from the belief that these reflex areas are small mirrors that reflect the internal state of the body (Wills 2004). The oldest evidence of reflexology, dating back to 2500 BC is in the form of a painting that was found from the tomb of ancient Egyptian physician Ankmahar. This painting shows two people, one receiving a foot massage and the other getting a hand massage. Another belief that is particularly held for the reflexology techniques observed among North American Indians is that is that it originated from Incas civilization of ancient Peru in 12000 BC. In 1955, Dr. Henry Bressler pub lished a book called ‘Zone Therapy’ after studying the effects of applying pressure on certain points on feet and its effects on internal organs of the body. He wrote about the use of reflexology techniques in middle Europe countries and also stated its use to date back to the 14th century. Nevertheless, the technique of reflexology came to be realized as a definitive form of healing and therapy when Dr. William Fitzgerald, an ear nose and throat specialist documented that applying pressure to one part of the body can block pain signals in another part of the body, away from where the pressure is applied. He performed various minor surgeries involving ear, nose, jaw, face, throat and shoulder using this technique, without the need of using anesthetics (Keet 2009). In 1917, Dr. Fitzgerald and Dr. Edwin Bowers published their work on reflexology in their book ‘Zone therapy’. It divides the body into ten equal longitudinal zones through an imaginary line runni ng from the top of the head, down through the center of the body. Five equal zones on each side of the imaginary line end on the soles and palms. Zone one starts from the thumb, includes the arm, shoulder neck and the brain. Running downwards it moves straight towards the big toe. Zone two starts from index finger, running up to include the corresponding areas on the arm, shoulder, neck and brain, it moves down towards the second toe. The third zone starts from middle finger and includes the arm, shoulder, neck, brain and runs down towards the third toe. Zone four starts from the ring finger and includes arm shoulder neck and brain and runs down towards the fourth toe. Fifth zone starts from the little finger and extends up the arm to include shoulder, neck and brain and then down the body up to the fifth toe. Each zone includes the muscles and organs underlying its division. Dr. Fitzgerald also gave courses on reflexology and soon medical practitioners started adopting these techni ques and incorporating them in their practice. The credit for the development of this pressure point technique from ‘zone therapy’ to ‘reflexology’ goes to Eunice Ingham, who is considered as ‘mother of reflexology’ by many (Keet 2009). She related the zones on feet to the anatomical structure of the body. She also documented the higher sensitivity of feet to

Inclusive Education of Children with Autism Essay

Inclusive Education of Children with Autism - Essay Example But to what extent is this possible; and what else needs to be done Truthfully, a lot more needs to be done for these methods of inclusive education to be successful. Some areas have excellent access to schooling systems equipped to teach children with autistic spectrum disorders while others have no provisions to handle these disabilities. This paper will look at some of the methods that have been researched worldwide, which of these methods are currently available, and how accessible these methods are to the children today in the United Kingdom. Strategies and ideas of what else needs to be done will also be discussed, as will be the results these methods have had to those children who have been lucky enough to gain access to inclusive education. Autism is used to refer to a group of neurological disorders. These disorders interfere with the development of a child's behavioural and social communications skills (McLelland, 1999); often leaving the child to be seen as withdrawn-as though he or she is living enclosed in a world all alone. Autistic children frequently show impressive abilities, such as playing music with no mistakes after only hearing a piece once; however, these abilities are sometimes shadowed by a difficulty with speaking and perfecting some motor skills. These difficulties are commonly coupled with a seeming inability to effectively relate to others (McLelland, 1999). Autistic spectrum disorders, including Rett's Disorder and Asperger's Syndrome, have had a large effect on the classroom due to the lack of understanding and knowledge about the disorder. Because of some apparent disabilities, many autistic children find that they need some supervision throughout their lives. This constant need for supervision can make teaching in formal institutions difficult as autistic children need much more attention than healthy children without disabilities (McLelland, 1999). The question stands, though, as to what extent the need to become inclusive has been met. Forty-five teachers in the United States were surveyed regarding their students with Asperger's Syndrome and the behaviours of those students in relation to the interaction received by their respective teachers (Hartman, 2001). The study was implemented to compare the behavioural interruptions or problems between autistic children in a special education environment versus those in a general education. Many of the problems found were abrupt interruptions, agitation, victimization, and difficulty following oral instructions. Other problems frequently included distractibility, strong, adverse reactions to change, and difficulty communicating wants and needs on the part of the student (Hartman, 2001). This study brought to both the medical community and the education teams the need for world-wide adjustment within the education systems to better include children with autistic spectrum disorders. Concerns of this need have since spread through the United Kingdom (Irish Times, 2005). While an Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) approach to teaching has been

The relationship marketing

The relationship marketing Introduction Relationship marketing has become a widely applied and recognised way in which the hotel industry has been able to sell itself to guests. Prior to the start of the essay, the definition of relationship marketing must be addressed. Kotler et al. (2007) defines relationship marketing as the process in which the construction, cultivation and strengthening of strong value laden relationships with customers and other stakeholders occur. Another way relationship marketing can be defined is as with Dwyer et al. (1987, p. 12) both business marketing and consumer marketing benefit from attention to conditions that foster relational bonds leading to reliable repeat purchase. With this in mind, the idea that relationship marketing is a marketing strategy used in the context of the hotel industry for increased benefits both financial and otherwise via repeated purchases will be applied to within the scope of this essay. Recent shifts from the traditional side of transactional marketing to the inception of relationship marketing in recent times has seen a softer approach rather than a dominant approach to making sales transactions, and thus increases the relevance of the application of relationship marketing to the hotel industry. (Gummesson, 1999) While there are many perceptions as well as views to the notion of relationship marketing, this essay intends to focus on the advantages as well as the drawbacks of relationship marketing within the hotel industry, recommendations as well as propositions with regards its future directions will too be discussed with relevance to the question. Pros of Relationship Marketing Customer Loyalty A significant benefit that can be derived from successful relationship marketing (RM) in a business is the development of loyalty in customers. Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner Gremler (2002) mentioned that customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth recommendations are usually the two outcomes of effective RM. Furthermore, it is further emphasised by Reynold Beatty (1999) that RM can provide exclusive benefits for customers, consequently reducing competition from other businesses that offer the same product which can thus assist in the achievement of consumer loyalty. Oliver (1997) defines loyalty as a close bonding between the consumer and the seller which results in frequent purchase of a certain product or service from the same supplier, despite the influence from other competitors which has the potential to evoke switching behaviour in consumers. The concept of customer loyalty has long been regarded as an important aspect of the integral operations occurring in organisations nowadays, as companies are becoming increasingly aware of the rewards to be reaped in the form of superior financial performance in the long run. This is further supported by Dowling Uncles (1997) purporting that loyal customers are more likely to spend additionally and often make favourable recommendations to other potential customers. In addition, McMullan Gilmore (2008) noted that greater knowledge and understanding of customer loyalty may allow companies to align their management strategies to meet the different needs of its customers in a more effective manner and hence, resulting in a more profitable business. Therefore, many hotels in todays world have implemented their own customer relationship management (CRM) system in order to offer their customers a unique and satisfying experience by accurately identifying the various needs of customers. Lo, Stalcup Lee (2010) stated that the concept of CRM has evolved over the past decades into a strategy employed by many organisations to integrate the different aspects present in the company, so that a greater understanding of their customers can be attained and ultimately, resulting in a long-term profitable relationship between the customers and themselves. However, it is crucial for hotels not to overlook other areas that are closely related to the concept of customer loyalty, instead of just merely focusing on the establishment of an effective CRM system. Customer loyalty is often linked to other service management concepts such as customer satisfaction and customer centricity. Businesses including the hotel industry should be mindful and take into consideration these other concepts that might affect the development of customer loyalty the ultimate aim of successful RM. It is also critical for hotels to recognise the obstacles impeding them from instilling loyalty in customers. One of the more noteworthy obstacles includes unresolved areas of dissatisfaction in consumers which, if left unattended, can result in dropping sales and profitability (McMullan Gilmore 2008). Therefore, a two-way communication becomes all the more essential for businesses to understand what customers want and knowing how to deal with dissatisfaction Lastly, managers should always assess the pros and cons of a loyalty program before implementing them, so that resources get measured and managed. Focus on Customer Retention Another advantage derived from relationship marketing is the increased profitability that stems from the retention as opposed to capturing new customers. Firstly, customer retention can be defined as the ability of a firms offer for a customer to purchase or patronage its product over a specific time period. (Shajahan, S, 2004. p.109) This occurs when, in the context of this essay, a hotel adopts a customer management orientation where it seeks to apply RM to retain its customers. Customer retention reduces marketing costs and as such benefits the hotel financially. This means that hotels need to spend potentially less money to attract customers they have lost as a result of the defection of its existing ones. This was exemplified in a study showing increase in profit by 25% to 125% in a company when it retained 5% more of its customers. (Reichheld, F Sasser, WE, 1990) This can be done by the hotel developing a customer retention strategy and thus focussing its energies on particular customers in which they would like to retain. This is as not all customers are worth the additional effort as well as cost to retain, certain customers are with more important with regards to their perceived value to the company as well as potential for development in the future (Buttle F, 2009). In the context of a hotel for example, a hotel might want to centre its attention on the higher spending, more affluent members of its clientele, as they represent more profits for the c ompany as compared to the ordinary spending customer that patronises the hotel. With these measures and understanding of customer retention in place, hotels can reap increased profits as an advantage of relationship marketing. Word-of-mouth (WOM) Advertising As mentioned earlier in this paper, one of the desired outcomes of successful RM is the positive word-of-mouth recommendations by satisfied customers. WOM has been regarded as a powerful tool of communication which can influence consumers purchasing behaviour and judgements (John 1994). Sweeney, Soutar Mazzarol (2008) further elaborated that WOM behaviour plays an influential role in promotion and it is very important especially in businesses that provide services such as hotels. Zeithaml (1981) reinstated that WOM creates significant impacts in service organisations because the intangibility of service made it impossible for consumers to pre-trial the product before purchasing it. Hence, it is paramount that hotel operators are aware that WOM behaviour can affect them to a large extent. Though significant repercussions may prove to be an issue if negative words about the company were to spread around, operators of hotels should be forewarned of the positives that WOM marketing can provide for them. For instance, WOM can reduce geographical boundaries that used to exist in traditional marketing, especially true with the increased affluence of internet in our modern society today. This is supported by Trusov, Bucklin Pauwels (2009) stating that the use of Internet can provide many various platforms and avenues for users to share their views and opinions with one another. In addition, it also serves as an advertising channel which can lower costs and ensure that consumers receive the message in the shortest possible time. Costs Savings for Businesses As most organisations face difficulties in nurturing and maintaining long-term relationships with their customers (1999), the advancement of information technology (IT) has significantly improved efficiency and decreased the costs associated with RM. For customers, RM through the use of IT will ensure a better understanding and better fit for marketing efforts (Xu, Yen, Lin Chou 2002). For hotels, RM through the use of IT means moving from general market segmentation to a more definitive segmentation while enhancing the level of intimacy between the hotel and her guests (Gummesson 1994). Barlow (1992) concurs that generally, guests desires to be communicated with on a one-on-one basis. Based on past data collected through the use of information systems and property management systems, hotels are able to utilise sequential data in RM (Grà ¶nroos 1995). Berry (1995) perceives that the use of IT in customer RM will facilitate information exchange, allow possible tracking of buying patterns, and the personalisation of service experience. This translates into cost-savings for the hotel for their marketing efforts. Understanding the Market Relationship marketing can be taken advantage to narrow the demand gap for accommodation rooms caused by seasonality of tourism demand. As mentioned by Butler (2001), seasonality in tourism exacerbates problems relating to capital access, retention of skilled labour and the under-utilisation of resources such as hotel rooms. Generally, the two main causes of seasonality in tourism has been identified as natural causes and institutionalised causes (Hartmann 1986). Weather conditions can often lead to the seasonality of demand in tourism (Kozak Rimmington 2000). As such, the ski industry has a large turnover rate of employees and often, ski resorts are vacant during the summer (Ismert Petrick 2004). Based on the geographical environment that it is in, hotels can actually sell nature tourism to potential guests during the off peak seasons. By having leisure activities at the destination, it creates a compelling justification for travellers to stay over. This form of marketing would be best communicated via the use of relationship marketing as hotels will have a better understand of guests preferences. Similarly, hotels can utilise existing guest records to target those that do not have work obligations for instance, and those that they deem as potential guests. During the low-peak seasons, hotels can make use of that as a selling advantage. A different group of guests may be attracted as a result of marketing the hotel to be quiet and peaceful. For example, by creating special packages that addresses accessibility issues, and includes a wide variety of leisure options and accommodation standards for the elderly, the hotel is able to tap on the retired greying population and boost room occupancy rates even during these periods. Cons of Relationship Marketing Importance of Recognising Cultural Differences One of the disadvantages of RM, and especially so for global hotel businesses, is that cultural differences are not being recognized when a single approach is being implemented for different societies. Culture must be first defined in this essay as an integrated system of learned behaviour patterns that are distinguishing characteristics of the members of any given society (Czinkota, MR Ronkainen, IA, 2007 p.54) This would mean that different cultures adopt different mindsets on various issues, attitudes and feelings. In the context of this essay this means various cultures respond differently with respect to RM in hotels. For example, Chinese tourists attach great significance to ritualistic behaviour such as a smile, greeting or a hand-shake as part of a service orientated experience which represents respect and importance of the guests. In the UK, however, ritual greetings by hotel employees are rare; furthermore interactions with guests from Chinese cultures are inclined to be h indered by language barriers. (Wang,Y. Vela,MR. Tyler, K.2008) This means that tourists from a Chinese culture would be affected in ways that guests from for example, a western culture would not be. Hotels therefore are faced with the constant challenge of providing a positive service experience for a variety of visitors with different expectations and needs. It is also noted that RM in the Chinese cultural setting is approached in a different manner than how it is done in western cultures. In the former, it is custom to establish kuan-hsi (networking/relationship) first followed by the business dealing. However in western cultures, a closer relationship is fostered only after the business dealing, with the view of acquiring further business opportunities. (Gilbert, DTsao, J,2000) In the hotels context this would mean that international hotel chains such as Starwood would have to deal with local suppliers or partners in different ways with regards to business dealings. A deal in China would not be approached in the same way as a deal in New York, lest offending or putting off potential suppliers. Hence the challenges faced by global hotel brands in RM with regards to different cultures. Involvement of High Costs for Training and Software Because of the different approaches to RM and a need to recognise these different cultural elements, hotel employees are required to undergo a stringent training process. As Zelkowitz (2005) advocates, the high costs related to relationship marketing generally spawns from the recruitment and training of staff. Thus, it contributes to the additional costs of the hotel. Furthermore, managing relationships have now been rarely limited to just the customer and the business, but also relationships with other stakeholders such as agencies and other suppliers which have different levels of integration and ways of operating. As a result of these complexities identified, many hotels are utilising integrated RM software to simplify their business operations process and effectively manage these multiple relationships. As such, this technology acquisition contributes to ongoing operating costs for the hotel and can be viewed as a form of maintenance (Little Marandi 2003). Counter Productivity of Relationship Marketing While trying to meet the needs of existing loyal guests, RM may have an adverse impact on customer loyalty. Sending unsolicited promotional materials such as mass customised emails to guests may risk jeopardising the relationship the hotel has with the guest (Brown Muchira 2004; Prasad, Ramamurthy Naidu 2001). At the same time, RM can result in guests being bombarded with promotional messages from various hotels that they have previously lived in. Bowie and Buttle (2004) believe that customer loyalty can only be dedicated to a small number of brands. Thus, overloading of information via marketing might be counterproductive and will eventually result in less benefits for both the hotel and the customers (Jayachandran, Sharma, Kaufman Raman 2005). Although RM might be able to anticipate guests needs and wants by accessing sequential records in the information system, it is important to remember that individual guests may not always desire for the same product and service even when b eing at the same property (Bowie Buttle 2004). Negligence of Existing Customers RM can be detrimental to any business if used in an improper manner. For instance, certain hotels may tend to use RM or tailor their strategies toward acquiring new markets whilst at the same time, lesser emphasis is placed on managing existing guest relationships. As previously established, the cost of attaining a new customer is five to six times more than retaining a loyal guest (Ndubisi, Malhotra Wah 2009), meaning some hotels suffer from the leaky bucket syndrome as they seem more interested in attracting new customers rather than retaining existing ones (Dowling Uncles 1997; Gummesson 1994). Limitations and Recommendations It has been widely accepted that the main objectives of relationship marketing and management is to establish long lasting relationships between the hotel and its guests through the increase in consumer knowledge and also establishing a two way relationship which is mutual and beneficial for both parties (Llamas-Alonso, Jimenez-Zarco, Martinez-Ruiz Dawson, 2009). The aforementioned points suggest that sound relationship management can lead to several benefits that increase the value of the hotel, provide competitive advantages, and enhance its competitive market positioning, which is then translated to the improvement in the hotels financial performance (Ryals, 2005; Boulding, Staelin, Ehret, Johnston, 2005). However, evidence also points out that effective relationship marketing requires heavy investment in information and communication technologies (ICTs) and also much effort in order to maintain these long-term relationships (Little Marandi 2003). Henceforth, this section aims t o explore existing limitations pertinent in the implementation of a relationship marketing strategy in hotels and subsequently, propose recommendations to address some of these issues identified. A plethora of research have been done in the area of CRM and they all seem to concur that the CRM framework no longer refers to just relationships between the business and the consumer, but also other organisations and parties interconnected within the framework, one where Gummesson (2004) has termed as a complex network of relationships. Several authors continue to expound on this, stating that these relationships frequently involve different mechanisms of governance, instruments of authority and control, levels of integration, and purposes which thus contributes to this complexity (Achrol Kotler, 1999; Rindfleisch Moorman, 2001), making CRM difficult to implement successfully. According to the Gartner Group ( 2002) and authors Srinivasan Moorman (2005), this complexity also mean certain aspects have not been addressed and thus constitutes to one of the reasons why a high percentage of CRM projects have failed and not liven up to the expectations of it. Hence, it is now understoo d that while these challenges are difficult to address, overcoming the complexity is integral for relationship marketing strategies to be successful within any hotel business. The multidimensional nature of relationship marketing entails proper foundations be established by the hotel management before the implementation of any CRM strategies. It is therefore recommended that the strategic objectives to be achieved by implementing CRM be defined clearly in the early in the planning stages. This ensures that it is clearly aligned to the overall hotel objectives and will thus be able to contribute strongly to hotel operations. As managing multiple relationships become more complex, it is also recommended that a performance management tool specifically catered toward CRM should be established in order to evaluate the success of the CRM strategy. This proposal builds upon the works of Sin, Tse Yim (2005), which proposes a potential tool for measuring performances in relationship marketing, defining the concept as a multidimensional construct consisting of four broad areas strategy, people, technology and processes. Therefore, this approach of recognising other dimensions will enable the hotel to take on a more holistic approach toward relationship marketing and CRM. Furthermore, with technology being increasingly relied on in managing these relationships, these evaluative tools will be able to measure the success of these information systems to ensure it delivers its intended outcomes. As mentioned earlier in this paper, relationship marketing not only refer to creating strong and long-lasting relationships with hotel guests, but also extends to other stakeholders such as suppliers and potential and existing employees (Christopher, Payne Ballatyne, 1991). Employees play a decisive role in managing relationships with guests since they become partners and co-producers in the customer experience (Llamas-Alonso et al., 2009). While most CRM strategies have tended to focus on guest satisfaction, guest loyalty and other areas relation to customer attitudes toward the hotel brand, it is then recommended that equal emphasis be placed on managing employee relationships and suppliers alike in order to increase the probability of successfully delivering the intended outcomes of the overall relationship marketing strategy. Benefits of Recommendations The development of measurement systems will allow hotel managers to anticipate how CRM will work and determine the way CRM will influence the achievement of the hotels strategic objectives. By designing and implementing a balanced, complex, and multi-dimensional measurement system, hotels will then be able to anticipate the future ability of CRM to achieve its objectives through a predictive performance measurement system or establish the level of real success achieved by CRM through an evaluative performance measurement system (Llamas-Alonso et al., 2009). Additionally, the implementation of evaluative measures in hotels will be able to provide important information to key decision-makers, allowing them to determine whether their efforts are on track with the overall relationship marketing strategy. Also, it will help managers to understand whether their programs are succeeding or failing by signalling potential managerial problems when the performance indicators are not able to track in the desired function (Llamas-Alonso et al., 2009). Above all, these measures will encourage hotel managers to take initiative and be accountable, at the same time, clarifying the process for the expectations and requirements of policy makers. The implementation of Performance Management and Control Systems (PMCS) with a predictive orientation will essentially help to minimise the risks of decision making and pave the way for hotel strategies to be executed, consequently improving the return on investments associated with the implementation of relationship marketing programs (Argyres, 1999). Furthermore, as Llamas-Alonso et al. (2009) purports, comparing the predictive and achieved objectives in the hotel will be able to establish the divergences between the expected results and the achieved results, thus improving efficiency and efficacy of the relationship marketing strategy as well. Conclusion After a thorough analysis of the relationship marketing concept within the of hotel industry, it is evident that relationship marketing if utilised appropriately, can lead to significant potential benefits for the hotel business. Such benefits include positive word of mouth recommendations to future customers as a direct result of customer loyalty, greater cost savings for business, increasing occupancy rate during off-seasons and also, customer retention all of which translates into higher profits and improving the overall functionality of the hotel. Despite the benefits gained, relationship marketing can also present several drawbacks to hotel operators. In todays world, globalisation has allowed the interactions between people of different ethnicity and cultural practice to take place more frequently. This means that understanding different cultures and learning to deal with different people becomes all the more relevant and could potentially sap large amount of time and effort. In addition to this, the costs required to establish a CRM system and training employees to be proficient in it can be exorbitant. It should be noted however, that these are investments that need to be made in order for relationship marketing to be implemented successfully and thus entail proper planning and objectives setting. Furthermore, the multidimensional nature of relationship marketing means hotels face much complexity. Hence, it is imperative that performance measures with an evaluative focus should be utilised in order to ensure the success of a relationship marketing strategy. It was also noted in this paper that relationships with suppliers and especially employees need to be managed as well, since the latter contribute to delivering the overall guest satisfaction. The adoption of a relationship marketing approach involves a great challenge for the firm, since it means a different way of understanding the marketing strategy, the market and the approach to the guest. Above all, hotel businesses need to be able to communicate this strategy to its staff, and ensure that the relationship marketing strategy is fully embraced and the organisation fully aligned to it in order for the business to face the multitude of challenges for the future. List of References Achrol, R. S. Kotler, P. 1999, Marketing in the network economy [special issue], Journal of Marketing, vol. 63, pp. 146-163. Argyres, N. S. 1999, The impact of information technology on coordination: Evidence from the b-stealth bomber, Organisation Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 162. 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