Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Example for Free

Joseph Hellers visualise 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh What a Lovely warf ar EssayComp ar the instructions in which figures of consent be portrayed in Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh What a Lovely War.Both Catch 22 and Oh What a Lovely War are satirical comedies spirit at the unlogicality and tragedy of war. Being satires, they serve to expose the flaws in wartime situations and in doing so oftentimes develop criticisms of authoritative figures. Both texts approach the portrayal of delegacy in close to distinguishable ways being a play, Oh What a Lovely War has a lot much scope for personation its images visually and aurally, whereas Catch 22 must work inwardly its boundaries as a novel. Both texts employ humour to portray characters of role whereas Littlewoods play is more foc subroutined on dark humour, Heller uses his own brand of absurd irony throughout the novel this humour is central to virtually techniques used in some(prenominal) pieces o f literature.Both texts were written in the 1960s, (Catch 22 was published in 1961 whilst Littlewoods play was performed two years later) an era synonymous with the develop ment of youth stopping point and radical change. Although Catch 22 was initially snubbed by gayy of its critics, the novel found its readership amongst the emerging generation of men and women who were fiercely opposed to the Vietnam war. Littlewood did not organisation the same hostility in 1963 when Oh What a Lovely War was first shown to the public. Performed by the Theatre Workshop a company she had co-created the play was warmly get by the audience and critics alike. Despite their different reactions, both texts were on the cutting edge of anti-war sentiment and continue to be modern classics.Although the texts focus on different wars and different perspectives (Littlewoods play explores World War One from a primarily British perspective and Hellers novel is an Ameri commode out advert on World War Two ) their main themes are similar. Both texts are exploring the tragedy of war, the let loose absurdity of it, the thirst for power and m unitaryy war brings, and the ignorance of authoritative organisations. Figures of authority are many in both pieces, and do not only include the upper ranks (such as Generals, Field Marshalls and Col anels) but also the representations of business and religious organisations, for they too can be viewed as having authoritative roles in society, especially in wartime.One technique used by both authors is a demonstration of the lack of intercourse between commanding powers. Littlewoods portrayal of the allied army leaders is genuinely effective in signalling how inefficient they are at communicating with star another. The cut General Lanzerac and British Field Marshall French do not even speak the same language, and Frenchs un pull up stakesingness to do so reveals the total futility and slowness of their meetingAide Do you think I ought to orga nise an interpreter?French Dont be ridiculous Wilson the essential problem at the moment is the fulfilment secrecy.(p21)In this scene the obsession with secrecy over commonsense negotiations shows us how inefficient the allied army authorities are, and the simile of the different languages spoken serves to dispute the complete lack of communication amongst authoritative powers that hold the fate of thousands in their hands.In the same way, Catch 22 looks at the problem of communication within the upper ranks. The call General Peckam receives from Ex P.C Wintergreen the sole words being T.S. Elliot(sic) has no hidden meaning but is interpreted in an absurd way Perhaps its a new rule or something, like the colors of the day. Why dont you check with Communications and see if its a new code or something or the colors of the day? (p45). This sentence also shows us some insight into General Peckams intellect, which doesnt seem to be substantial demonstrated by the repetition and i mprecision of speech. Another prototype of these communicative difficulties is the case of Major Major who receives documents to sign, which have his signature already.The squabbling within the upper ranks is evident in both texts and serves to show us the pettiness and idiocy of figures of authority. There are many instances in Catch 22 where the Generals are engaged in sneaky tricks a happen uponst one another. General Dreedles hatred of his son-in-law Colonel Moodus for example, inspires him to keep a beautiful nurse just to torment him with, and the Great Loyalty Oath Crusade1 is started by Captain Black in an attempt to avenge himself on Major Major (who gained the promotion Captain Black was waiting for). Similarly in Oh What a Lovely War, the Belgian, British and French army officials are at odds with one another.The Belgian army are in a sorry state, the French are angry at the British, and the British refuse to believe they have any responsibility in the war Were not here under any obligation French persists in telling Lanzerac. The heated discussion only ends when Lanzerac is offered a medal on behalf of the King of England. This gesture pleases the General, who kisses French on both cheeks and leaves, suggesting that the upper ranks of the army are only interested in recognition and promotion. This is a very powerful notion in Catch 22, in which key characters such as Colonel Korn and Colonel Cathcart will do everything in their power to be promoted. Cathcart says of his ambition What else have we got to do? Everyone teaches us to aspire to higher things. A general is higher than a colonel and a colonel is higher than a lieutenant colonel. So were both aspiring (p450).One of the most important aspects of both texts is how different the experience of war is for the upper ranks and the ordinary bicycle men. The inability of authoritative figures to understand the realities of war and their cruel, seemingly deliberate ignorance in many situations is d emonstrated in a do of key scenes. An important example of this in Oh What a Lovely War is on pages 50/51 where a commanding officer reveals his detachment from ordinary trench life, and his unawareness of the dying that surrounds the men every day Ye Gods Whats that? he asks the Lieutenant upon encountering a German limb that holds up the parapet, immediately telling the men to get rid of it as soon as possible. The Sergeants response reveals how clueless those in authority are to the brutalities of war Heads, trunks, blood all over the place, and all hes worried about is a damned leg.This warped, uninformed sense of priority and general detachment is evident in Catch 22, especially within Colonel Cathcarts storyline. Hellers novel is jumbled chronologically, but one dependable indication of time is the number of missions the men are forced to fly under Cathcarts orders, which steadily increases as the story progresses. What is simply a number for the colonel is a very real death threat to the men of his squadron, many of whom reach the target just as the missions increase. Cathcart raises them for purely selfish reasons he hopes to gain recognition for his squadrons record and receive a promotion. The Colonels constant cry of Doesnt he know theres a war going on when Yossarian refuses to fly further missions is one of Hellers brilliant lines of absurd irony, as it relates draw a bead only to the figures of authority in the novel. They seem to be playing an insane game, unaware of how their actions affect the men they themselves dont realise theyre combat a war.Other instances of differences between upper and lower rank men can be found in both texts. The final scene of Oh What a Lovely War portrays the men as lambs to the slaughter at the order of their glory-obsessed officer, and we find them shouting Baaa baaa baaa (p86) as they advance towards the guns. In Catch 22 the Colonels are amazed that the ordinary men worship the same God as them, and aft er the revelation from the Chaplain refuse to believe it saying What nonsense Does he take care us to believe that? and Chaplain, arent you stretching things a bit far now?(p407).A noticeable aspect of both texts is the portrayal of other key figures of authority primarily those of big business and religion. Where Littlewood is severely critical of both, Heller holds some sympathy for his character the Chaplain (a representation of religion). Common to both writers is a disgust toward capitalists who make for war for their own commercial gain. The munitions manufacturers in Oh What a Lovely War are introduced on stage as members of a shooting party, an ironic analogy highlighting the part they play in the destruction of so many young men. They discuss the peace scares that threaten their income, and congratulate one another for their cold-blooded schemes in money makingBritain German chappies were caught on their own barbed wire?.Dashed clever. (p46)In the same way, the characte r Milo Minderbinder in Catch 22 exposes the lack of morals and boundaries capitalism creates in wartime. His collaboration with the enemy goes unnoticed due to his profit-making, and he even ends up bombing his own men and planes as part of a German contract If I can persuade the Germans to pay me a thousand dollars for every plane I shoot down, wherefore shouldnt I?(p273) he tells Yossarian. The forces of religious belief in Littlewoods play are greeted with hostility as tools for the war propaganda machine, who support the war effort rather than competitiveness for the rights of the soldiersChaplain it is no longer a sin to labour for war on the Sabbaththe Chief Rabbi hasabsolved your Jewish brethren from abstaining from pork in the trenches. (p77)Religion is portrayed in a slightly more sympathetic light in Hellers novel. The Chaplain is the only character who really connects with Yossarian, and his efforts to help dissuade the Generals from raising the number of missions prov es a real commitment and solidarity to the squadron. He is rejected from the Officers Hall and treated disrespectfully by the Colonels, showing us that even Christianity is powerless in the face of such frighteningly stubborn authority.Another key theme of both texts is the portrayal of war as a game, or as something frivolous and light-hearted by those in authority. The very form of Oh What a Lovely War is as a musical show, with song and dance. Key song titles include Ill make a man out of you and the grand finale track Oh its a lovely war which paints the text as a Broadway extravaganza rather than a harrowing look at battle.This technique is very effective in creating a bitter and attacking tone towards authoritative powers especially considering the nature of the opening scene. In a circus like frenzy the MC brings on the players of the war game France, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Great Britain and Russia. This structural difference between the play and Catch 22 content that Oh What a Lovely War parodies authority more consistently. Littlewood constructed the play as a show, so the ability of characters in power to undermine the seriousness of war is endless.The War Game is a classic example of this, as is the beef-shooting party which consists of munitions manufacturers from the key nations involved in war. Other techniques were available to Littlewood lyrically bitter songs and the use of slides as an accompaniment to the speech, which both served as attacking forces against the power of authority in the play. Examples of this can be found in song titles such as If the sergeant steals your rum and ironic lyrics like with our old commander, safely in the rear in the hymn Onward Christian Soldiers. The use of slides and the newspanel is used on many occasions as a reinforcement of the ignorance seen in authoritative men such as HaigNewspanel BY NOV 1916 TWO AND A HALF jillion MEN KILLED ON WESTERN FRONTHaig I thank you, God the attack is a great succ ess. (p78)They are also used comically to limn the stupidity of the GeneralsBritish Admiral Have you got a plan?British General Of course.Slide 5 A blankBritish Admiral Yes, I thought so. (p6)In a structural sense, the techniques available to Heller with which to parody authority are much more limited. In a novel, all character representations are formed with literary descriptions and cannot rely on visual or aural aids like a play. His technique of storytelling is not as alter or spectacular as Littlewoods, but the effects of his bizarre plots are as successful in criticising authoritative powers as the use of slides and song in Oh What a Lovely War. Colonel Cathcarts bombing pattern is a sufficient example of this and bears comparison with the War Game approach by Littlewood. Disregarding the fact that men are risking their lives on the insane bombardier missions they are forced to fly, Cathcarts sole concern is whether their bombs create an aesthetically pleasing pattern from the air We didnt get the bridge he tells Milo whilst recalling a previous mission, but we did have a beautiful bomb pattern. I remember General Peckam commenting on it. (pThe episodic form of both texts may disrupt the sense of progression, but it is noticeable that the tone of both pieces of literature changes as they near completion. The bitterness towards authority increases, and humour is more often interspersed with moments of seriousness and tragedy. In Act Two of Littlewoods play, a moment of chaos reaches a serious climax with the juxtaposition of Haig and the British Generals telephone conversations against a backcloth of men singing They were only playing leapfrog. The two men speak simultaneously in broken sentences until Haigs final comment No, you must reserve the throttle we are using too many shells is uttered at the same time as the Generals last words, Night has fallen. The clouds are gathering. The men are wooly somewhere in no mans land.This uncharacteristical ly sombre moment is shocking and serves to signpost the ignorance and inhumanity of Haig in times of crisis. In a similar way the absurd force of bureaucracy in Hellers novel borders on seriousness when Don Daneeka is recorded as killed and remains dead due to the power of paperwork. His social movement in the novel is a tragic reminder of the madness of war, and his character becomes a living ghost, the sacks under his eyes turned hollow and black, and he lard through the shadows fruitlessly like an ubiquitous spookthen, only then, did he realize that, to all intents and purposes, he really was dead. (p366)The endings of both texts leave the reader with a slightly different outlook of authority and war. Whereas Oh What a Lovely War finishes as it started, with a grand song in the traditional musical style, Catch 22 is much more subdued and understated. Both endings tell us something about the intention of the author, and of their opinion on the subject of war and authority. Littl ewood wants to leave the audience tincture embittered and slightly outraged at the notion of the Great War as a show, in order to demonstrate the atrocities committed by those in authority against the ordinary men.The final songs Chanson de Craonne, I dont want to be a Soldier, And when they ask us, and Oh its a lovely war express both comic elements (Id rather sojourn at home and live off the earnings of a lady typist) and the tragic undertones that run throughout the play (I dont want a bayonet in my belly). Although these final songs are more preoccupied with the tragedy and futility of warfare, their tone is still bitter towards commanding powers such as the King and the Generals who promised them a lovely war, and exposit the life of a soldier as the cushiest job they would ever have.The pretend of this great tragedy is clearly explained in Littlewoods play as a direct result of the ignorance and greed of commanding powers, in particular the European Empires and Haig, a long with his circle of title-seeking aristocrats. Within the play there are other specific objects of censure firstly the British Generals, Field Marshall French, and the British Aristocracy. Other possible areas of criticism lie in the portrayal of religion, and of the capitalists who profited from the war. Oh What a Lovely War is a text very much favouring the ordinary soldiers, all of whom are represented as decent, kind-hearted, and spirited young men. These soldiers are the victims of authoritative powers, they are the lambs going to slaughter, and the grouse at the shooting party. Littlewood is not vague or subtle in her attack of the commanding men, and portrays them as idiots, fat cats and cowards. She intends to show us that they were the main cause of madness in wartime, and that these men of authority should be held to blame for the destruction of a generation.The conclusion of Catch 22 is quite different, and ends with the spontaneous attempt by Yossarian to run away f rom the military base. Hellers ending is a very interesting final act of defiance for his character, against the powers of authority in the novel. Despite having an easy street out of the air force a simple but dishonest deal with Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn Yossarian chooses to reject it. The presence of Natelys whore at the very end of the novel, who unsuccessfully tries to stab him, is perhaps an indicator that Yossarian is making the right choice in escaping from the madness and corruption of bureaucracy (the main authoritative force in Catch 22). The specific targeting of key characters is evident in Hellers novel as it was in Oh What a Lovely War, with the Colonels and Generals (Cathcart, Korn, Dreedle and Peckam among others) being the main hosts for criticism.However, I believe there is a difference between both texts regarding the role authoritative figures play in war. Whereas Littlewood shows us that the commanding men create the chaos due to their own cauterise stupidity, in Catch 22 the madness of war seems to be a character unto itself. Although the commanding officers are idiotic and dangerously selfish, this insane wartime logic affects most of the ordinary men except for Yossarian and the Chaplain. A good example of this is near the end of the novel when Aarfy one of the men in the squadron rapes and kills a young girl.wYossarians utter horror when he discovers the scene is elevated further with the arrival of the police, who arrest him for being in Rome without a pass, completely ignoring the dead body on the pavement. Aarfys explanation I hardly think theyre going to make too much of a fuss over one poor Italian handmaid girl, when so many thousands of lives are being lost every day seems to bear a lot of truth. The infuriating authority figures in this novel and the imprudent stunts they are engaged in appear to be more a product of war madness than a cause of it.Therefore, although both texts portray figures of authority in similar ways, their intentions are fundamentally different. Littlewood blames the commanding individuals and glorifies the men who were sacrificed under ridiculous orders. Heller looks beyond these small but powerful characters to a great evil the madness of war and the insane chaos it creates in all Colonels, Generals, Capitalists and even ordinary soldiers.1 The Great Loyalty Oath Crusade was created to remove attention towards Captain Black and thus gain him a promotion the men must swear an oath of allegiance to get their pay from the finance officerto have their hair cut by the barbers. (p125)

Animal Extinction Essay Example for Free

savage Extinction EssayAnimal Extinction the greatest little terror to mankind In the final stages of dehydration the consistence shrinks, robbing y divulgeh from the young as the skin puckers, eyes recede into orbits, and the tongue s rise and cracks. Brain cells shrivel and muscles seize. The kidneys turn out down. Blood volume drops, triggering hypovolemic shock, with its attendant respiratory and cardiac failures. These combined assaults disrupt the chemical and electrical pathship canal of the body until every(prenominal) systems cascade toward death.Such is alike the path of a dying species. Beyond a critical point, the collective body of a unique kind of mammal or bird or amphibian or tree cannot be salvaged, no matter the first aid rendered. Too few individuals spread similarly far apart, or too transmissibleally weakened, be susceptible to n onenesstheless(prenominal) minuscular natural disasters a passing thunderstorm an unexpected freeze drought. At fewer than 50 members, populations become increasingly random fluctuations until a kind of fatal arrhythmia takes hold.Eventually, an entire genetic legacy, born in the beginnings of life sentence on earth, is removed from the future. Scientists recognise that species continually disappear at a background extinction rate estimated at about one species per million per year, with new species replacing the lost in a sustainable fashion. Occasional mass extinctions convulse this orderly norm, followed by excruciatingly slow recoveries as new species emerge from the prevailing gene-pool, until the world is once over again repopulated by a different catalogue of flora and fauna.From what we understand so far, five great extinction events put one over reshaped earth in cataclysmic ways in the past 439 million years, each one wiping out between 50 and 95 per cent of the life of the day, including the dominant life forms the most late(a) event killing off the non-avian dinosaurs. Speciations followed, but an analysis create in Nature showed that it takes 10 million years before biological diversity even begins to approach what existed before a die-off. Today were living through the sixth great extinction, roughly propagation k like a shotn as the Holocene extinction event.We carried its seeds with us 50,000 years agone as we migrated beyond Africa with Stone Age blades, darts, and harpoons, entering pristine Ice Age ecosystems and changing them forever by wiping out at least slightly of the unique megafauna of the times, including, perhaps, the sabre-toothed cats and woolly mammoths. When the ice retreated, we terminated the long and biologically rich epoch sometimes called the Edenic period with assaults from our newest weapons hoes, scythes, cattle, goats, and pigs.But, as harmful as our forebears whitethorn countenance been, nothing compares to whats under way today. Throughout the 20th century the ca engrosss of extinction habitat degradation, overexploitation , agricultural monocultures, human-borne invasive species, human-induced climate-change increased exponentially, until now in the twenty-first century the rate is nothing short of explosive. The World Conservation Unions Red List a database measuring the global status of Earths 1. million scientifically named species tells a haunting tale of unchecked, unaddressed, and accelerating biocide. When we hear of extinction, most of us think of the plight of the rhino, tiger, panda or blue whale. But these sad sagas are whole small pieces of the extinction puzzle. The overall numbers are terrifying. Of the 40,168 species that the 10,000 scientists in the World Conservation Union grant assessed, one in four mammals, one in octonary birds, one in three amphibians, one in three conifers and other gymnosperms are at risk of extinction.The peril faced by other breakes of organisms is less thoroughly analysed, but fully 40 per cent of the examined species of planet earth are in danger, in cluding perhaps 51 per cent of reptiles, 52 per cent of insects, and 73 per cent of flowering plants. By the most conservative measure based on the last centurys recorded extinctions the current rate of extinction is 100 times the background rate. But the eminent Harvard biologist Edward O Wilson, and other scientists, estimate that the true rate is more like 1,000 to 10,000 times the background rate.The actual one-year sum is only an educated guess, because no scientist believes that the tally of life ends at the 1. 5 million species already discovered estimates range as high as 100 million species on earth, with 10 million as the median guess. Bracketed between best- and worst-case scenarios, then, somewhere between 2. 7 and 270 species are erased from existence either day. Including today. We now understand that the majority of life on Earth has never been and will never be cognise to us.In a staggering picture, Wilson predicts that our present melt will go across to th e extinction of one-half of all plant and animal species by 2100. You probably had no idea. Few do. A poll by the the Statesn Museum of Natural History finds that seven in 10 biologists believe that mass extinction poses a co hurtal threat to human existence, a more sobering environmental problem than even its contributor, global warming and that the dangers of mass extinction are woefully underestimated by almost everyone outside science.In the 200 years since French naturalist Georges Cuvier first floated the concept of extinction, after examining fossil bones and concluding the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some sort of catastrophe, we have only slowly recognised and attempted to correct our own catastrophic behaviour. Some nations move more slowly than others. In 1992, an world(prenominal) summit produced a treaty called the Convention on Biological Diversity that was subsequently ratified by 190 nations all except the unlikely conglutination of the Uni ted States, Iraq, the Vatican, Somalia, Andorra and Brunei.The European Union later called on the world to arrest the decline of species and ecosystems by 2010. Last year, worried biodiversity experts called for the establishment of a scientific body akin to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a united voice on the extinction crisis and urge governments to action. hitherto, despite these efforts, the Red List, updated every two years, continues to show metastatic growth. There are a few heartening examples of so-called Lazarus species lost and then found the wollemi pine and the mahogany lider in Australia, the Jerdons courser in India, the takahe in New Zealand, and, maybe, the ivory-billed woodpecker in the United States. But for virtually all others, the Red List is a modify country with little hope of rain, as species ratchet down the listings from secure to vulnerable, to endangered, to critically endangered, to extinct. All these disappearing species are part of a fragile membrane of organisms wrapped around the Earth so thinly, writes Wilson, that it cannot be seen edgewise from a space shuttle, yet so interiorly complex that most species composing it remain undiscovered.We owe everything to this membrane of life. Literally everything. The air we breathe. The food we eat. The materials of our homes, clothes, books, computers, medicines. Goods and services that we cant even imagine well someday accept will come from species we have yet to identify. The proverbial cure for cancer. The genetic fountain of youth. Immortality. Mortality. The living membrane we so recklessly destroy is existence itself.Biodiversity is defined as the sum of an areas genes (the structure blocks of inheritance), species (organisms that can interbreed), and ecosystems (amalgamations of species in their geological and chemical landscapes). The richer an areas biodiversity, the tougher its immune system, since biodiversity includes not only the number of species but also the number of individuals within that species, and all the inherent genetic variations lifes only army against the diseases of oblivion.Yet its a mistake to think that critical genetic pools exist only in the gaudy show of the coral reefs, or the cacophony of the rainforest. Although a hallmark of the desert is the sparseness of its garden, the orderly progression of plants and the understated camouflage of its animals, this is only an illusion. Turn the desert inside out and summit down and youll discover its true nature. Escaping drought and heat, life goes underground in a tangled overexuberance of roots and burrows reminiscent of a rainforest canopy, competing for moisture, not light.Animal trails criss-cross this subterranean realm in private burrows engineered, inhabited, stolen, shared and fought over by ants, beetles, wasps, cicadas, tarantulas, spiders, lizards, snakes, mice, squirrels, rats, foxes, tortoises, badgers and coyotes. To survive the heat and drought, desert life pioneers ingenious solutions. Coyotes dig and maintain wells in arroyos, probing deep for water. White-winged doves use their bodies as canteens, drinking enough when the opportunity arises to increase their bodyweight by more than 15 per cent.Black-tailed jack rabbits tolerate internal temperatures of 111F. Western box turtles store water in their oversized bladders and urinate on themselves to stay cool. Mesquite grows taproots more than 160ft deep in search of moisture. These life-forms and their life strategies compose what we might think of as the body of the desert, with some species the lungs and others the liver, the blood, the skin. The trend in scientific investigation in recent decades has been toward understanding the interconnectedness of the corporal components, i. e. the effect one species has on the others.The loss of even one species irrevocably changes the desert (or the tundra, rainforest, prairie, coastal estuary, coral reef, and so on) as w e know it, just as the loss of each human being changes his or her family forever. Nowhere is this better proven than in a 12-year study conducted in the Chihuahuan desert by crowd H Brown and Edward Heske of the University of New Mexico. When a kangaroo-rat guild composed of three closely related species was removed, shrublands quickly converted to grasslands, which supported fewer annual plants, which in turn supported fewer birds.Even humble players mediate stability. So when you and I hear of this years extinction of the Yangtze river dolphin, and think, how sad, were not calculating the deepest cost that extinctions lead to co-extinctions because most living things on Earth support a few symbionts, while keystone species influence and support myriad plants and animals. Army ants, for example, are known to support 100 known species, from beetles to birds. One of the most alarming developments is the rapid decline not just of species but of higher taxa, such as the class Amphibi a, the 00-million-year-old group of frogs, salamanders, newts and toads hardy enough to have preceded and then outlived most dinosaurs. Biologists first noticed die-offs two decades ago, and, since then, have watched as seemingly robust amphibian species vanished in as little as six months. The causes cover the spectrum of human environmental assaults, including rising ultraviolet radiation from a thinning ozone layer, increases in pollutants and pesticides, habitat loss from agriculture and urbanisation, invasions of exotic species, the softheadedlife trade, light pollution, and fungal diseases.Sometimes stressors merge to form an unwholesome synergy an African frog brought to the West in the 1950s for use in human pregnancy tests likely introduced a fungus deadly to native frogs. Meanwhile, a recent analysis in Nature estimated that, in the past 20 years, at least 70 species of South American frogs had gone extinct as a result of climate change. In a 2004 analysis published in Sc ience, Lian Pin Koh and his colleagues predict that an initially modest co-extinction rate will climb alarmingly as host extinctions rise in the near future.Graphed out, the forecast mirrors the rising curve of an infectious disease, with the human species acting all the parts the pathogen, the vector, the Typhoid Mary who refuses culpability, and, ultimately, one of up to 100 million victims. Rewilding is larger, broader, and bolder than humans have thought before. Many conservation biologists believe its our best hope for arresting the sixth great extinction. Wilson calls it mainstream conservation writ large for future generations.This is because more of what weve do until now protecting pretty landscapes, attempts at sustainable development, community-based conservation and ecosystem management will not preserve biodiversity through the critical next century. By then, half of all species will be lost, by Wilsons calculation. To save Earths living membrane, we must put its sh attered pieces back together. Only megapreserves modelled on a deep scientific understanding of continent-wide ecosystem needs hold that promise. What I have been preparing to say is this, wrote Thoreau more than 150 years ago. In wildness is the preservation of the world. This, science at last understands. The Wildlands Project, the conservation group spearheading the drive to rewild North America by reconnecting remaining wildes (parks, refuges, national forests, and local land trust holdings) through corridors calls for reconnecting wild North America in four broad megalinkages along the Rocky Mountain gumption of the continent from Alaska to Mexico across the arctic/boreal from Alaska to Labrador along the Atlantic via the Appalachians and along the Pacific via the Sierra Nevada into the Baja peninsula.Within each megalinkage, core protected areas would be connected by mosaics of public and private lands providing safe passage for wildlife to travel freely. Broad, vegetate d overpasses would link wilderness areas split by roads. Private landowners would be enticed to either donate land or adopt policies of good stewardship along critical pathways. Its a radical vision, one the Wildlands Project expects will take 100 years or more to complete, and one that has won the project a special enmity from those who view environmentalists with suspicion.Yet the core brainchild of the Wildlands Project that true conservation must happen on an ecosystem-wide scale is now widely accepted. Many conservation organisations are already collaborating on the project, including international players such as Naturalia in Mexico, US national heavyweights like Defenders of Wildlife, and regional experts from the Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project to the Grand Canyon Wildlands Council.Kim Vacariu, the South-west film director of the USs Wildlands Project, reports that ranchers are coming round, one town meeting at a time, and that there is interest, if not yet support, fr om the insurance industry and others who face the reality of car-wildlife collisions daily. At its heart, rewilding is based on living with the monster under the bed, since the big, scary animals that frightened us in childhood, and still do, are the fierce guardians of biodiversity.Without wolves, wolverines, grizzlies, black bears, mountain lions and jaguars, wild populations shift toward the herbivores, who proceed to eat plants into extinction, taking birds, bees, reptiles, amphibians and rodents with them. A tenet of ecology states that the world is green because carnivores eat herbivores. Yet the big carnivores continue to die out because we fear and hunt them and because they need more room than we preserve and connect. Male wolverines, for instance, can possess home ranges of 600 sq m.Translated, Greater London would have room for only one. The first campaign out of the Wildlands Projects starting gate is the spine of the continent, along the mountains from Alaska to Mexico, today fractured by roads, logging, oil and gas development, grazing, ski resorts, motorised back-country recreation and sprawl. The spine already contains dozens of core wildlands, including wilderness areas, national parks, national monuments, wildlife refuges, and private holdings.On the map, these scattered fragments look like debris falls from meteorite strikes. Some are already partially buffered by surrounding protected areas such as national forests. But all need interconnecting linkages across public and private lands farms, ranches, suburban area to facilitate the travels of big carnivores and the net of biodiversity that they tow behind them. The Wildlands Project has also identified the five most critically endangered wildlife linkages along the spine, each associated with a keystone species.Grizzlies already pinched at Crowsnest Pass on Highway Three, between Alberta and British Columbia, will be entirely cut off from the bigger gene pool to the north if a larger roa d is built. Greater sage grouse, Canada lynx, black bears and jaguars face their own lethal obstacles further south. But by far the most endangered wildlife-linkage is the borderland between the US and Mexico. The Sky Islands straddle this boundary, and some of North Americas most threatened wildlife jaguars, bison, Sonoran pronghorn, Mexican wolves cross, or need to cross, here in the course of their lifes travels.Unfortunately for wildlife, Mexican workers cross here too. Men, women, and children, running at night, one-gallon water jugs in hand. The problem for wildlife is not so a good deal the intrusions of illegal Mexican workers but the 700-mile border fence proposed to keep them out. From an ecological perspective, it will sever the spine at the lumbar, paralysing the lower continent. Here, in a nutshell, is all thats wrong with our treatment of nature. Amid all the moral, practical, and legal issues with the border fence, the biological catastrophe has barely been noted.I ts as if extinction is not contagious and we wont catch it. If, as some indigenous people believe, the jaguar was sent to the world to test the will and integrity of human beings, then surely we need to reassess. Border fences have terrible consequences. One between India and Pakistan forces starving bears and leopards, which can no longer traverse their feeding territories, to attack villagers. The truth is that wilderness is more dangerous to us caged than free and has far more value to us wild than consumed.Wilson suggests the time has come to rename the environmentalist view the real-world view, and to replace the gross national harvest-festival with the more comprehensive genuine progress indicator, which estimates the true environmental costs of farming, fishing, grazing, mining, smelting, driving, flying, building, paving, computing, medicating and so on. Until then, its like keeping a ledger recording income but not expenses. Like us, the Earth has a finite budget.

The end of the play Essay Example for Free

The finish up of the play EssayBut Alfieri respects Eddie for being will to lay down his life for what he sees as justice, even if he does not have the backing of law, when he says the truth is holy. Arthur Miller wrote in the NY clock article that Tragedy arises when we are in the presence of a man who has missed accomplishing his joy. But the job must be there, the promise of the right way of life must be there. Eddie is a tragic character because he will do anything for the truth, or what he sees as the truth. Alfieri later says he allowed himself to be wholly know and for that I will love him more than all of my sensible clients. He prefers Eddie to the more sensible people he has come crosswise because he fought for justice. But Eddie isnt sensible enough to separate justice from his own feelings of indignation. His actions are driven mainly by self interest but he doesnt realise this himself and he breaks a code of honour which binds Red Hook to becharmher. He betrays Eddie and Marco to the authorities which is extremely dishonourable. After Beatrice tells Catherine close to Vinny Bolzano who betrayed his uncle to Immigration. Eddie says you scum bag quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away. Honour is very important in the Italian-American community of Red Hook and Eddie is desperate for his write up back at the end, so his death could be seen as his zenith. Eddies motives were not purely good, but himself purely. Alfieri sees it as an attractive aspect of Eddies character that he was not willing to sacrifice his dignity for a easier life even though he is aware of the problems it caused. The play draws to a close with the words And so I mourn him I admit it with a certain alarm Miller makes clear that Eddie is not a selfless hero, he is almost an anti-hero.In the end he loses everything Catherine, his wife, his name. He can only fight Marco to the death. In death he restores some of his lost honour b ecause he doesnt try to escape his fate. This can also be interpreted as Alfieris horror that Eddie destroyed himself and he was unable to stop it. Eddie is holding the knife as it stabs him, so he literally dies by his own hand so his death could also be seen as his nadir. This links with the part in his introduction at the start ab come out of the closet lawyers before him sitting in their offices hearing similar cases, sitting there as a powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course.reinforcing the sense of inescapably about Eddies downfall. Miller wants the ending of the play to inspire discussion and excuse us to question things we have previously accepted. He says in his definition of tragedy that it brings us knowledge or enlightenment as opposed to pathos which just brings us sadness, sympathy, on even fear, which just brings us sadness, sympathy or even fear. Without this final speech the play would just and with those things. Arguably, Alfieris speech is designed to bring us knowledge and enlightenment.On the other hands, Alfieri sounds confused. Miller certainly wants us to discuss the issues raised in his speech but Alfieri is not very persuasive in telling as why feels that something perversely pure calls out to him from Eddies memory. He sounds as if he has out much of an idea why he feels this way despite evidence to the contrary. Show preview only The higher up preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Market Analysis Of The Cleaning Sector Management Essay

Market Analysis Of The Cleaning Sector Man get on withment EssayThe Cleaning Industry National Training Organisation (CINTO) has suggested that the UK cleaning attention is valued in the region of 12bn, 2.7 million households in the UK spend as much as 11 billion annually on domestic help, the climb in two-salary household and more disposable income but limited time for domestic chores necessitates this, the cleaning patience presently employs about 820,000 people.The sedulousness is mainly rule by small organisations and has 72% of all UK cleaning staff employed in firms with less(prenominal) than ten employees. A third of these firms atomic number 18 operated by furbish up proprietors.CINTO is of the opinion that the cleaning industry is resistant to economic recession as a result of the huge demand and inevitability of service. Competition is stiffer however in commercial cleaning sector than domestic. This can therefore affect profit margin. Regardless of the intense comp etition, the cleaning industry is a booming industry with an sensational growth in the contract cleaning market from 4 billion in 1996 to 6 billion in 2004.Below is a tabulated STEP summary of the cleaning sector.SocialPopulation and market consist of 61 million people with 67% in the prevailing class, 16.2% aged and 16.4% under aged.Labour is predominantly made up of migrant workers.Industrial servicing.Subject to environmental protection agency lawsEconomicThe sector is slightly affected by the economic downturn but not significantly as it is a service sector and inevitable to all households in the UK.Demand cuts through all class and age structure in the UKespecially the working class which accounts for 67% of the UK population.This sector is a sub sector of the service sector that accounts for a large portion of the UK GDP.Theres been a shift in demand preference to price from quality and innovation because of the economic downturn.Increased competitiveness.TechnologicalGen eral services of cleaning, trash pickup, floor polishing, and the military posture services of cleaning carpet and ducts and washing windows.Staff cleaning buildings and houses by hand or with the help of basic equipment like floor polishers. Operations is labour-intensiveSector is labour intensiveSimple machines and technology needed.POLITICALGovernment legislation and regulation with respect to waste disposal.Organised and influential association dead body with intense squelch on government.Low government aid policies.According to MBD (Market and Business Development) report on the sector, Contract cleaning in the UK has cock-a-hoop by over 12 per cent in the past five years and is expected to increase by a further 13 per cent between now and 2011.The UK Cleaning Market 2004-2012-There were over 4,300 individual contract cleaning firms active in the UK in 2008, though the industry the Great Compromiser particularly consolidated in value terms, with the firms in this study co ntributing more than 80% of the total market revenue.It has been suggested that 30% of contract cleaning firms be considered at risk in 2009 with the growing problem of node retention. Customer loyalty is considered less prevalent, and customers of contract cleaners atomic number 18 continually searching for more competitive prices. This competitive trend in the market is pushing price competition in an environment where demand is reducing as smaller firms are internalising certain cleaning duties instead of outsourcing.The downturn in capital expenditure of contract cleaning firms will undoubtedly affect cleaning equipment manufacturers and suppliers in the short-change term, with a reduction in demand also aggravated by increasing price pressure as Contract Cleaning firms attempt to light upon greater cost reduction measures. The impact for as well asl and equipment manufacturers are less positive with regards to supplying to this sector in the short term, the need for feel ingive selling strategies therefore arises to target those companies who are per changeing well in the market.The cleaning sector provides employment for over 450,000 people in nearly 32,000 firms.Table 2 Workplaces and Employees within the Cleaning Sector in Great Britain.Source Annual Business Inquiry, ONS, 2005 200685% of all cleaning companies turn over 10 or less employees. 1% of companies has over 200 staff and provides jobs for approximately half of all the cleaning employees.The current uncertain world economy makes analysis of current and future tense economic performance very difficult. Staffing and retention remains key themes for the sector as it struggles to maintain a stable workforce. This has been made worse by the pressure on sales and the stiff competition within the environment. The effect of the global economic downturn on the sector has been viewed as been less subjective as with other sectors since cleaning is an inevitable service. As expected however, emp loyee training suffers a decline as profit margin reduces. Profit margins remains reduced in the sector, at about 5% in 2006, having been squeezed by 28% between 2002 and2006. Labour costs consist of about 73% of all costs, this having been increased by 13.2% over the period 2002-2006. Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker (measured as the average financial contribution to turnover each employee within a sector generates) was 9,600 in 2006 compared to a whole economy average of 33,300.In 2006, seven companies had 25% of the market share (as a percentage of total value), as seen below.Table 1 Market share, (as a percentage of total value) in 2006Source Marketing Research for Industry, Feb 2000A major challenge of this sector is the credit crunch and the effect it has on the sectors quality service delivery given the budget.Recruitment and retention are also key issues, issues regarding labour force attraction and motivation to family amiable labour policies.Future issues to be consider ed include the need to improve marketing to attract forward-looking clients, management of skills gap and planning is vital.The take-up of qualifications within the industry has been low and almost half of employers dont have a Level 2 or equivalent qualification. 16% of the sector is not aware of Vocational Qualifications, though their appropriateness is called into question. A third of all firms believe they take too long in delivering and five in ten believe they are too complicated. The BICSc (British Institute of Cleaning Science) is the most common qualification held.Cleaning firms suffer from increased rate of staff turnover which has been known to be closed to 75% in some cases, with most cleaning staff staying in employment for up to 12 weeks cleaners.6% of cleaning firms advertised skills vacancies in 2007 -according to the National Employer Skills deal 2007, this was primarily in elementary occupations and machine operatives. 80% of elementary occupations were categori sed as difficult to fill positions. Almost 800 companies advertised these positions and were located within the watt Midlands, South West and South East.Reasons for these difficult to fill vacancies are pitiful personnel interested in engaging in this type of job (28%). Inadequate number of applicants generally (16%). Low number of applicants with the required attitude and motivation (13%).The implication of these vacancies is the increased workload of other staff.Cleaning firms have alleged that they have increasing cost of operation Difficulty in matching quality standards requirements Delay in developing new products.As a result of the higher up issues, 50% of firms have increased their advertising and recruitment campaign and most of the firms are increasingly trying new ways of recruitment.Reductions in some skills sphere of influence have been identified in the Cleaning Industry, these include Management and leadership Technical skills and Literacy, numeracy and ESOLA key driver in the sector is the changing form of procurement. The process of procurement has become increasingly formalised and has most part been subject to European Union Commission guidelines, more challenges are therefore placed on cleaning firms in this sector.A recent report implied the importance of migrant workers within the industry.Firms in the cleaning sector are faced with an aging workforce and recruitment issues, these firms have therefore been able to tap into the large resource of migrant workers, this has culminated in 37% of Englands cleaning labour be separate as migrant labour. Firms have been able to recruit more efficiently and cost effectively as well, however the only hinderance to this is the issue of language which is being sub collectd by coping the strategies from employer.Regional Distribution of cleaning companies within England, 2006There are increasing demands being placed on the industry due to increased regulation and Visibility which, in time, it i s anticipated will reveal greater skill needs.There are a couple of key issues as regards the cleaning sector, they include, Recruitment difficulties for domestic cleaning jobs because of competition from other sectors. Increased day-time cleaning and expanding skill mix needed Employment of migrant workers without language barrier. Employing expertness cleaning operatives into supervisory and managerial positions with inadequate training. Forecasted job losses of over 90,000 between 2004 and 2014 but concerns of replacement demand still workable. Pressure from customers for more work per capita in order to deliver contracts with less people Low rate of retention. Lack of long term investment in staff Difficulties in recruiting new employees into the workforce Misconstrued negative image for the sector discourages prospective minds to commit to a career in the industry. Skills gaps in managing teams, project management, problem solving and resource allocation, customer care, and man aging change for supervisors and managers Mixed quality of training provision with low retention rates and qualification Inadequate filling of management training slots in the industry A small size of employers in the industry had a budget for training of employees. Unaccredited training for staffs. Employers want tailor fit training that meets their conterminous needs and well as their budget. The key issues to training to training include the margins on contracts where training is perceived as a cost, career progression is seen as a mirage, shift work and problems of release, and inflexible modes of delivery.The cleaning sector is a low tech business characterized by ease of entry and entry. Highly competitive, reduces pricing and subsequently profits.Convenience is key in the cleaning sector, location to the market and fast turnaround on clothes so also cleanliness of the item are important. Consumer care little about what euipments or technology dat has being used as long as th e the cleaning service is fast, convenient and effective.A model has been designed to address a couple of the sectors issues and it is outlined

Islam And French Colonial Rule In West Africa History Essay

Islam And cut Colonial Rule In westbound Africa History EssayFollowing the European conquest of Africa at that place was a substantial working out in both Muslim and Christian societies. Though Christianity was perceived by some as a machine of colonialism and part of a European civilising bearing, taking Islam was on the other hand viewed as anti-colonial, reflecting a make water of resistance quite than collaboration. Islam offered a sense of community during colonial rule when the continent was experiencing a time of rapid change and mobility. F admin sought to systematic altogethery manage the practice of Islam in their colonies in a way of which they could bring it into alignment with the F perspective of modernity and make Islam serve as a bulwark for the states authority. At same time officials half heartened efforts slavery, inconsistent labour cash cropping projects and unequivocal power by poorly trained and underfunded admin brought dramatic and unexpected chang es in how comm. were org and how individuals understood their position in soc. westside African Muslims drew creatively on centuries of Islamic thought and soc experimentation to craft new identities and comm. out of the changes brought by F. Example was how chase of Yacouba Sylla gave a new meaning to the hollow and alien legal injury that colonial politicians spoke about such as freedom, dev and modernisation. They made them central themes in a mystical Sufi practice that looked little like the enlightenment-based devoid republicanism governors hoped to create or like reformist Islam promoted by modernisers elsewhere. (Hanretta 2009, 3)The terms accommodation and collaboration are commonly used by historians to describe the relationship among Islam and cut colonial rule in West Africa. In Islam and Social Change in French West Africa, Hanretta states that in places like Senegal, Mauritiana and Mali, when successful in representing their version of Islam as being compatible w ith the dictates of colonial rule, they were given access to metropolitan power to use against other religious leaders for clients and patronage. This relationship could be seen as a collaboration of resources between the colonisers and the Muslim colonised, to maintain order and peace (Hanretta 2009, 138-139). Another traditional Islamic community were the Sufi Brotherhoods, in finical the Tijaniyya in Senegal, Mali and Guinea, who split into branches and networks that have cultivated family networks. Of the Tijani scholars there were who actively fence French colonial rule in the 19th snow, by the 20th century many became outspoken collaborators of the colonial organisation (Heck 2007, 65). Heck and Hanretta mention Seydou Nourou Taal, grandson to al-Hajj Umar Taal, who contributed to and organised many Tijani jihad movements, whilst Seydou Nourou became one of Frances greatest Muslim intermediaries. When colonial occupation began, many Muslim leaders accepted European adminis tration who agreed to grant them limited control over their communities this was what part of what the Europeans thought was an efficient and cheap system of brass (Hanretta 2009, 60). These are examples of when Muslim leaders and communities chose to cooperate with the colonial regime and shows that areas under Islamic rule decided to accommodate French colonial rule and in some parts of West Africa, Muslim leaders obtained a peaceful relationship between the two.Brenner looks at the case of Agibu where the motivating ideology for al-Hajj Umar was reformist Islam, which opposed the civilising mission of the French colonial ideology. The relationship between Islam and colonial French rule is built on clashing ideologies and conflict. Brenner states that between the two world wars there was a confrontation between Tijani Sufism and French Islamic policy, and the major French goal with respect to Islam was maintenance of political stability. The French had realised by the flake deca de of the 20th century that their greatest threat to colonial rule in West Africa was Islam because it had the potential to unite large numbers of people to form resistance against European domination. The relationship therefore could be one of conflicting aims, where the French tried to impose rule among Muslims who did not want to be rule by non-Muslims. The French were persistent, they promulgated a new native policy in 1909 where Governor General William Ponty expressed concerns that Muslims shouldnt govern non-Muslims and in 1911 it was decreed that all administrative correspondence, as well as judgements by native courts, should be written in French, rather than Arabic. These attempts to dissuade the spread of Islam failed however it showed that he precious French colonial rule to monopolise the politics of Agibu and this meant reducing Islamic influence. This was similar to French Soudan where colonial military officers aimed to limit conversion to Islam (Mann 2003, 264). Ho wever, Islam grew more promptly than ever, becoming the dominant religion of commercial centres in Soudan, where new arrivals that came to seek work in these towns converted to Islam. This chapter of Agibus history should be described as control and the French Challenge to Islam (Brenner 1984, 32-38). French Colonial rule in Agibu posed a threat to Islamic values and Islam posed a threat to colonial rule, creating a relationship of conflict.Robinsons explanation of the relationship between Islam and French colonial role in Senegal is a good example of both conflict and collaboration. The French werent able to accommodate rule in spite of appearance Muslim societies, they found it difficult to adjust and through practice and trial and error they did manage to exert a form of indirect rule over the societies. Their intentions behind this form of control was to cut French costs, whereby they used the local population to grow peanuts, pay taxes and in essence, maintain order. This ho wever caused many of the Muslims to resent colonial chiefs and persuaded them to become marabouts that although abandoned their political powers they did encourage their followers to pay tithes but provided them also with an education and offbeat as well as assurance. The French recognised the importance of marabouts in maintaining order and brought back Amadu Bamba (Muslim scholar and Sufi leader) from his exile who they had previously accused of plotting to engage a military jihad against the French (Heck 2007, 61-62). This shows collaboration between the colonial French and Bamba. They believed that he would champion to stabilise the colonial economy and political order, he returned realising that French colonial rule would give noticeure and that they had but no choice to accommodate (Robinson 2004, 182-196). After Mamba died the Murids became the dominant and economic force in the peanut divide and accepted colonial rule (Searing 2002, 128-130). In his book Sufism and Poli tics Heck goes on to say that Bambas return from exile not early pacified relations between his followers and the French colonial system but it developed a pattern of understanding and proved to be profitable for both sides (Heck 2007, 63). Here the relationship began by the French adjusting to ruling over Muslim societies and eventually exploiting them to grow peanuts and pay taxes to cut administration costs. This completely turned around when the French had to seek help from Bamba and other marabouts to maintain order and therefore join forces with Muslim leaders and societies, thus forth displaying a relationship of compromise.It is important to be aware of what primarily French Islamic policy was in colonial Africa in order to examine the relationship between Islam and French colonial rule in West Africa. The presumptions made by French colonialists of Islam and Africans had implications on their reaction towards Muslim leaders and their subjects. Hanretta states that there is no doubt that the beliefs the French held about Islam, Africans and the nature of the colonial mission deeply influenced the reactions of the officials to Yacouba Sylla and his followers. Through a working, shifting compromise, Muslim leaders were tolerated and even patronised, but also carefully scrutinised. A lot of the action taken by the French in West Africa was based on experiences they had encountered in Algeria, for example the idea that Muslim networks, particularly Sufi tariqas could be used as intermediaries provided they were tiny and particularised, small enough not to gain enough power to compete with regional systems and African enough to protect themselves from North African and Middle easterly influences. Harrison agrees that if we are to find a serious and sustained development of French policy towards Islam it is necessary to look north to Algeria where a definite consensus emerged at the end of the 19th century (Harrison 1988, 15-27). French policy in the 1920s and 1930s turned on the distinction between good and bad tariqas, during this period a the bad tariqa was the Hamawaiyyah and naturally once Yacouba became seen as a Hamallist preacher the administrators goal was to determine whether him and his followers shared the tendencies of this order (Hanretta 2009, 127-128). The relationship between Islam and French colonial rule in West Africa could be characterised by a set of corrections the French were making from the mistakes they had made in North Africa.Sense of cooperation was seen with the left pop Front government in France and Yacouba. It is said that although they were only in power for two decades, their reformist approach abroad had last effects on French West African Policy. In 1936 the Popular Front government helped boost Yacoubas efforts to organise his entire community into a single labour pool. The government also sought to mend the rift between eleven-beads and twelve-beads to bring Hamawis under a more effective cont rol. The most important was the dispatch of Seydou Nouro Tal to Nioro, he was grandson to the lintel of the powerful twelve-bead Tal family who were opponents of the Hamawiyyah. He was released to reconcile with Shaykh Hamallah (founder of Hamawiyyah) and essentially offer him and his followers minimal protection for their submission to Seydou Nourou (administrations chosen leader of West Africas Muslim population). Thereby the Popular Front were able to change the image of the Hamawiyyah from being seen as a part of a larger politique musulmane to being integrated into Frances hierarchical network of Muslim clients (Hanretta 2009, 95-96). De Coppets attitude to Sheikh Hamallah portrayed him as benevolent and liberally minded, Harrison in France and Islam in West Africa suggests that the initiative for his Muslim policy in French West Africa came from himself and the impression Islam had on him in Mauritania (Harrison 1988, 193). In Fetishizing Religion Mann speaks of how Cardaire, a military colonial officer was cautious of the growth of Saudi-sponsored Wahhabism as a threat to French Africa, serving as director of Soudans Bureau of Muslim affairs he supervised the state-sponsored Hajj, where he accompanied pilgrims to the Hijaz. The fact that the state sponsored people to go on pilgrimage shows that they were tolerant and didnt oppress them from continuing their religious practices (Mann 2003, 270).Accommodation didnt take place between Muslims and a coherent colonial regime but rather was a result of temporary and local constellations of power in which religious elites and administrators shared similar goals. Muslim entrepreneurs able to take advantage of the conflict within administrative depictions of Islam. In areas where the states control of religious institutions was strong, French officials were able to influence a process of creating an environment where certain forms of Islam and certain networks of Muslim leaderships and certain shipway of respo nding to French presence would thrive. An important resource Muslim elites could seek to control was the production of knowledge about African Islam, knowledge that in turn direct the activities of the colonial state. It seems almost as if the relationship was defined by them using each others resources against them and then realising how they would succeed and what methods they would use to gain power and changing it, to character them (Hanretta 2009, 138-139).

Factors Affecting Hospitality Graduates Career Perception

Factors Affecting Hospitality Graduates Career PerceptionAbstractThe purpose of this search is to investigate the key attributes, which affects the hospitality tweaks to take up a rush in hospitality industry. The research is mainly focused on the students in university studying hospitality and to conduct this research in to a greater extent effective manner past research is also been studied for detailed understanding. The methodology used to conduct this research pass on be quantitative method, enquire students on campus to fill out the questionnaire, which leave alone answer questions closely factors affecting and their perception about taking up career in hospitality industry. In addition to identifying the key reasons, this research will also address the specific issues related to employment in hospitality industries for instances long working hours, no benefits and ugly work life balances. The outcome of this research will be more than beneficial for the tutors to unde rstand the importance of providing right exposure to students about hospitality culture. It will also benefit managers and hospitality recruiters to understand their employees and address the catamenia issues related to prank pleasure. Overall this research will contribute to increase customer satisfaction and assist with one of the major challenge which is high employee turn everywhere rate.IntroductionHospitality is one of the fastest growing and popular industries around the world. Customer assistance is the backbone of hospitality and to customer satisfaction we need manpower. According to (Noone, Kimes, and Mattila, 2007) customer satisfaction is directly linked to customer retention. Unhappy and dissatisfied guest will never return and hence we may end up loosing the business. However it is important to understand the vital aspect in providing great customer receipts to the guest is staff. Without great staff it is impossible to run the hospitality industry. It is requir es more manpower, compare to any other sectors, as customer service is the vital working class and it can non be replaced by machines, therefore deal out of employees are call for to run the operation (Hayes and Ninemeier, 2009). With its rapid growth, it is in high demand of skilled manpower and which is wherefore many universities have started offering courses in hospitality and tourism. The overbearing part is many universities and colleges have different level of courses to support the growing industry, at the alike time it is also creating a negative impact on the students who are currently enrolled in the courses. The previous research have founded that students usually do not join the industry after completing their courses (Pavesic and Brymer, 1990). There are many reasons behind lack of commitment from students such as long working hours, paltry salaries, fewer benefits and poor working atmospheres (Roney and Oztin, 2007). This negative impact further can be seen in the customer service offered at the different hospitality organization, which past leads to employee turnovers. Therefore it is very essential that students should enter the organization in right frame of mind. Students believe to have wrong impressions either from their tutors or sometimes payable to their personal arrive at work. Eventually they may end up leaving the industry forever and hence it is important for the tutors and also managers to identify these issues to annul problems and future benefits for both employees and employers.Literature ReviewThere were several research carried out in past to determine the student perceptions about taking hospitality as career. To conduct this research previous research on these issues was been reviewed to help understand the issue in better way.Working AtmosphereIt has been noticed over the period that hospitality industry is changing generations by generations according to (Gursoy, Maier and Chi, 2008) hospitality industry has alw ays seen a vast difference between previous and current generation. One of the issues with students in taking up career in hospitality is the working atmosphere as they prefer to work in the environment which is more challenging, change and goal driven, they also love to have feedbacks (Chen and Choi, 2008). Previously employees had no connection with their managers directly as managers would dictate the jobs to supervisors and then the same would be conveyed to the employees. This motorbike of communication hence lead to lack of interaction with the managers and since the employees were not qualified enough, they would perform the task as taught by their line supervisors, without understanding the importance or putting in some efforts to enhance it with their own creativity. But as the time passed and hospitality industry started booming around the globe, it changed the entire concept of customer service skill. Earlier it was just basic accommodation and food service but today it is more about the guest experience, customer service and retaining them. This is when lot of institution came up with hospitality courses to learn the skills and gain knowledge about hospitality. After taking up the education in hospitality students who entered the industry with skills and reserve found problems to work with older generation (Gursoy et al., 2008). Hospitality industry is totally dependent on manpower and therefore it is very important to have positive attitude people, who can motivate others. Staff can only be positive if the working atmosphere is pleasant and healthy and really matters to people when choosing their career paths (Sibson, 2011). Therefore (Gursoy et al. 2008, p. 454) states thatThe hospitality industry will need to develop new standards of human resource management in order to successfully connect with a multi- generational workforce. It is possible that a top-down and bureaucratic management and leadership style may not be effective with younger ge nerations of employees.Social shapeAccording to many students hospitality industry is glamours industry and their misconception about the same leads them to disappointment. This happens when the reality strikes after completing education and entering into the industry for their first job experience. As per (Bashar et al, 2013) some student also felt that choosing career in the hospitality will have great impact on the social perspective and will have good job opportunities. However in reality after completing studies, they have to start from the base positions like waiter/ hold off or housekeeper. This really disappoints them because according to them they do not need qualification or education of so many years for this kind of jobs (Tan, 2016).Past ExperiencesAs mentioned above it is one of the important aspects for the students to have right mindset when they are entering into actual job. Most often tutor educating students have no somatic experience in the industry and fail to provide realities of the industry (Brown, 2015). It has also been noticed in past researches that students who take up studies in hospitality is required to have some work experience in form of on job trainings or internships to experience the industry culture. Also some students during their studies take up part time jobs to gain field experience. However these experiences sometimes do not turn out to be positive due to lack of pay exposure and guidance from right people. This leaves students with a negative impression and makes them to change their perception about career in hospitality (Richardson, 2008).Long Working Hours and funky WagesHospitality industry is totally dependent on the manpower as it involves customer service as a main task and it cannot be replaced by machines. Since it is labor intensive industry it usually requires working for long hours. This is another attribute which affects the students perception about hospitality as a career. consider which was condu cted by (Richardson, 2010) is that students believes that working hours in hospitality industry are always more than 8 hours which affects the work life balance and also there was little scope to develop the career. Low wage is also one of the major issues as per students (Lu and Adler, 2008). As per (Wong and Kos, 2009) factors which can drive students in taking up hospitality as a career are flexi working hours, work life balance, rewards for working extra hours and should have freedom to reduce the working hours as per their convenience. just about studies carried out on students of generation Y by (Choi and Kwon, 2013) prove that students expect their workplace to be fun loving and relaxed compare to strict environments.Finally to reason out it seems that above reasons are the main reasons for students changing their mind about career in hospitality. This gap should be addressed by tutors if they make students aware about the reality of the hospitality and give them a clear u nderstanding. Also it is essential that tutors providing education about hospitality must have some industry experience at least, to have a realistic approach during teaching. Other strategy would be inviting guest speakers to colleges for addressing doubts of student on working in hospitality related to long working hours, work life balances and working atmosphere. However this is not the complete solutions to the factors stated above to change the students perception about hospitality as a career. Hence further investigation is required to understand the issue and expert advice on the same will be beneficial.MethodologyAs the research is focused on students, the ideal location for this research will be college campus. Pilot study will be carried out in order to attenuated down the cost and time, to derive the outcome from limited participants. Participants for this research will be students mostly undergraduates students who are studying hospitality or post graduate students who have taken hospitality as a specialization. To conduct this research approach of quantitative methodology will be applied for collecting data. A set of questionnaires will be designed keeping in mind the research topic. It will consist questions about their perception about career in hospitality, barriers in hospitality industry which can influence them to leave the industry, what are the positive aspects which can make them stay and necessary improvements which can be employ to the current job structure. In addition to this questionnaires will also include demographic information of the students, age, sex, and gender.TimelineScheduleObjective week 1Conducting research to charter topics related to the contemporary issues in hospitality and finalizing the topic.Week 2Researching on the scholarly journal articles related to the topic for pening literature review.Week 3Start writing introduction about the topic and literature review to support the research topic with the help of sel ected scholarly journal articles.Week 4-5 developing questions related to research topic and analyzing possible approaches to gain maximum response.Week 6Connecting with field experts for doubts and questions about the research topic for more knowledge and findings.Week 7Refining and designing research questions and distributing them to students on campus.Week 8Analyzing the data collected from questionnaire for results and findings.Week 9-10Working on data collected to draft report with findings achieved from questionnaire.Week 11-12Assembling all the data together, formatting and finalizing the report.ReferencesBashar A.A.M., Hamam T.A. (2013). Motivation of students to study tourism hospitality programs. International Journal of Asian social science, 3(7), 1637-1647.Brown, E. A., Thomas, N. J., Bosselman, R. H. (2015). are they leaving or staying A qualitative analysis of turnover issues for Generation Y hospitality employees with a hospitality education. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 130-137.Chen, P., Choi, Y. (2008). generational differences in work values A study of hospitality management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(6), 595-615.Choi, Y.G., Kwon, J. (2013). Effects of attitudes vs. experience of workplace fun on employee behaviors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25, 410-427.Gursoy, D., Maier, T.A., Chi, C.G. (2008). Generational differences An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448- 458.Hayes, D. K., Ninemeier, J. D. (2009). charitable resource management in the hospitality industry. Canada, United States of America John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NewJersey.Lu, T., Adler, H. (2008). Career goals and expectations of hospitality and tourism students in China. Journal of Teaching in touch off tourism, 9, 63-80. doi 10.1080/15313220903041972.Noone, B. M., Kim es, S. E., Mattila, A.S. (2007). The effect of meal pace on customer satisfaction. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 48, 231-245.Pavesic, D. V., Brymer, R. A. (1990). Job Satisfaction Whats Happening to the Young Managers? The Cornell H.R.A. Quarterly, 31(1), 90-96.Richardson, S. (2008). Undergraduate tourism and hospitality students attitudes toward a career in the industry A preliminary investigation. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 8(1), 23-46. doi 10.1080/15313220802410112Richardson, S. (2010). 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The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Holdens JourneyAs we pass through this spirit it is our duty to discover our destiny. Some of us go to college and become Doctors, Lawyers, Architects. Others of us cherish the finer amours in life and find our places on farms and Dude Ranches. The doom is, every living creature has a place in this world and we are ultimately steered in its direction. Holden Caulfields voyage began when his brother died of Leukemia. Holden was emotionally destruct by the loss of not only his brother, but his best friend also. The fact that his parents couldnt accept Holdens pain and that they even sent him to a shrink for it, proved to Holden that his parents didnt care as much as they were supposed to. As Holden grew up, he found himself flunking out of school after school, neer being able to stay in one place. This calamity was caused by either his overwhelmingly powerful hatred for people or because there was a conflict of interest between him and the school itself, about who they were tryin g to afford him. Holden was also starting to view people as who they really were. Many of us in this world accept people at face value and never really take the time to see through the infinite masks that make up a personality, or a first impression. Holden however, took the time to understand who a person really was, and how fake they really were being. This changed his life enormously, as it would anybodys, because as soon as he could understand how much of a phony a person was being and who they truly were, he didnt have to tactile property inferior, scared or cast out by that person. I speak up these views of life could have actually been caused by his brothers death. I think that when his brother died, his parents might have become phonies themselves. You must understand that when a parent loses one of their own creations they feel as if they have lost a part of themselves and cannot strive to go on. I think many parents find it easier to conceal their feelings inside of the mselves, thus becoming what Holden could view as a phony. He didnt understand why his parents had to bottle it all up (which he thinks is wrong) and why he was almost punished for expressing his feelings freely (which he feels is the right thing to do).