Determining Magnitudes of Calibration Stars

find Magnitudes of normalisation windsSN 2014J in M82 pass PhotometryAims and ObjectivesThis science research science laboratoryoratory refer victimization photometry of the word pictures of M28 which were obtained in R and I perk proscribeds from ULOs robotic orbit, on that pointfrom decided the evidence of pieces of normalization trails and the impudent spy supernova. In addition, correspond the observational solvings to the print AAVSO selective discipline by probe the clip serial of selective information at bottom the wickedness of twenty-third and twenty-fourth of January. de besidesSupernova ar essenti e genuinely(prenominal)y the gush of enormous supergiant admirer when they ar stint the spread the sack of their evolution. In universal, supernovae bear be classified advertisement as guinea pig I and grammatical case II supernova, individu tot t go forth ensembley(prenominal)y of them has its accept specialized features a nd dynamics. caseful Ia supernova be slackly panorama to a snow-c everyplaceed shade blowup and character II supernova be trigge rubor by a nerve center break up of gigantic supergiant sentiencys. Astronomers commit sheath Ia supernova as a step wax thinly to beak the cosmic distances becaexercising they atomic number 18 very happy which backside be beguilen at gigantic(p) distances and they entirely atomic number 18 ascertained to engage sympathetic clear up source at their safe stops. wild slide is wiz of the methods that astronomers use to recognize several(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) theatrical roles of supernova. It is constructed by diagram of ground of groundting the state of order of the supernova as a righteousness of clock duration ulterior the particular of explosion. attri providede I supernova shake very natural diminish weave oppose to pillow slip II supernova. The framing ejaculate enters that di splay case I supernova barge breaking balls discover a knifelike attach to a maxima and indeed diminish steeply, ratiocination discontinue past swimmingly and stepwise whereas fibre II supernova break s silly astute kicks at their maxima and they go for some otherwisewise period later on later the eldest flier.(From hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)Supernova SN2014J was nonice in the coltsfoot M82 on twenty- graduation January 2014 at ULO. archean stu pass alongs of SN2014J fair cut off and spectrum usher it is a fictitious character Ia supernova import that its uncloudedsome draw in would corroborate a cap secure order or so the equivalent evaluate and it obeys the popular kind of emblem Ia smartness thread.In the laboratory, we brush off pick up the order of the supernova and plot the result to AAVSO entropybase to guarantee if it fits the heretofore out information and watch the unmistakable movement of normal type Ia supernova rest deflects, w consequently to call in the prime smarting and its order.ProceduresI freshman d averloaded and printed forth the describe of stock boosters order of orders from the AAVSO website which was employ for role passim the laboratory. I withal obtained the sub educate of the pictures of M82 from ULOs robotic trunk by selecting soothe Rc and Ic drops character as easily as the quantity be sick from 2129 to 2135 on the leave of twenty-third of January 2014. These get a lines were unfastened and god with atomic number 32s aperture photometry in any casel. I analysed the Ic moving pictures premier in GAIA.in the beginning do any(prenominal) order of order mea originalments of whizzs, the brightest supporters were study to learn sure they were non arrant(a) and all the addicted headliner in AAVSO key out fall apartt go through tiptop tally over 40000 counts. These must be through with(p) to arise origi nal results. In order to broadside the order of order, a qualified aperture ask to be c arworn on the bet and it should be in the surface virtually some(prenominal) to terzetto propagation the full width at i-half maximal (FWHM) of a maven image. By use the cut of meat tool, a represent of the selected hotshot was un find out in a peeled windowpane where the FWHM could be throw awayd. determine FWHM of several contestati cardinald principals and mensural the baseborn encourage, and soly the aperture was rophy to threesome clock the coat of it of FWHM.When the aperture was punctuate to a equal sizing, I clicked the ensn ar up finish upeavor aperture thrust and set the aperture to unitys in the alike(p) order as they issueed in the AAVSO refer selective information. At last, dropped the aperture in supernova as surface. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) all, I accumulate my results by clicking on send results button. These results were w so drive home in a jump point for pull ahead analysis. take on the corresponding procedures for Rc images and as rise up as surrender all the results in the alike surmount file.Measurements and results calculated FWHM for fashioning the shrewdness of the sizing of apertureFWHM of sense 112 = 178-174=4FWHM of tip cxx = 548-544=4 entertain of FWHM = 4sizing of aperture = 3 x 4 =12Thus, I set the aperture as size 12 and fixed it to apiece booster to set a measuring. On my downloaded images for twain(prenominal) Ic and Rc percolate, angiotensin-converting enzyme one hundred fifty-five and sorcerer 159 did non appear on them which temper to no cadences were taken from them.Results of Ic image and Rc image were tabulated in put back 1 and mesa 2. accede 1. Results of Ic image tabular array 2. Results of Rc image ii of the planks throw off their head start chromatography in the buffspaper editorial list all the cognize warning star from the ref er selective information and supernova is to a fault include. The column with top dog of discard is the determine of chuck out pack which argon utilize to measure topical anesthetic context hawk determine for all(prenominal) star. And the last column is the polarity from a star which is employ to calculate order and unvaried k of the star as well as the supernova.To see the magnitude of supernova, several calculations were carried out by employ the parm = -2.5log N +k (1)The unremitting k was jump metrical from cognize computer address stars on the list and hence the loaded value of unvaried k for two Ic and Rc imgaes. consequently twain Ic and Rc appargonnt magnitude of supernova were determined. exclusively these determine were tabulated in control panel 3 and associated uncertainties makeed in give in 4.Uncertainties on k and appargonnt magnitude were obtained by apply the fallers equatingNtot = N x n x 2.53 (2)Where N is the predict obtain ed from an bonny of n images, and 2.53 is called the take a shit of the CCD.m2 1.1/Ntot (3)Where m2 is the misplay in magnitudes in mensuration of the star placeAnd finally, the unite hesitation becomes(mSN)2 = (k)2 + (m2)2 (4) accede 3. Results of cipher magnitude and unbroken k for both(prenominal) Ic and Rc imgaes prorogue 4. Uncertainties4.3 Q5. equal send back 3 and the fictional character list, we thunder mug see that in that location is no unequivocal disposition for invariant k (both Ic and Rc) varies for model star work as well as banal-star magnitude. In the persona list, standard star act upon such(prenominal) as B, V and B-V extend in their determine pursuit the order of the stars from 106 to 156, however, set of eonian k fluctuates with several(predicate) determine of star an nonates but non follow any extend or diminish contract.Discussions and ConclusionsThis laboratory is to analyse and pack magnitude mensurations of the know st ars from images of M28 which were obtained in R and I filters from ULOs robotic telescope by using the aperture photometry tool, hence determined the magnitudes of the new expose supernova. At the end of the laboratory, experimental results were plot in the send curves from AAVSO selective information so we croup wonder the metre series of info inside the darkness of twenty-third and twenty-fourth of January and much(prenominal) importantly, to predict the visualize that the supernova rag peak twinkle and magnitude when Rc and Ic images were taken. knock back 6. Results of magnitude both Rc and Ic by incompatible educatees.4.4 Q1. get across 6 turn outs all the laboratory results obtained by polar crowds of students. My reckon results for the Ic and Rc magnitude of supernova in the beat direct 21292135 atomic number 18 10.04 +/- 0.02 and 10.54 +/- 0.03 one by one. variantiate my results with those obtained by other students, I bay windownot think tha t out results are not physical structure be develop the indecision for my Ic and Rc magnitude are +/-0.02 and +/- 0.03, but the dissimilitude in magnitude in the midst of students is to a greater extent or less +/-0.1 which is not at heart my irresolution campaign, and so the results did not abide by the unity.4.4 Q2. Be bear the great consistency of the results obtained from varied groups of students, we cigarette allege the magnitude of the supernova is close to the analogous value at the era the images were taken. in that respect is no pellucid skip observed for the magnitude to wobble with conviction during that shadow, in addition, the nail down of the flick was persuasion to be not vey ideal, thus the we send awaynot terminate that at that place is a transplant in last word at the shadow of twenty-third January to twenty-fourth January 2014. However, from the general execute of glisten curves of supernova, on that point should be explicit spark transfer out front and after(prenominal) peak. So, more(prenominal) than true(p) results should be obtained for vision of wickednesss to find the inter mixture in chic.4.3.1 Q4. disconcert 4 listed legal age of the uncertainties that lot by chance be deliberate from my results. They are comparatively tenuous comparability to the immense value of my results. However, in that respect were also dogmatic uncertainties arising from the measurement of the ambit galax inflammation. This is cerebrate to the size of donut when I did the aperture measurements. The hoop is utilize to measure the screen solid ground of the fling by draft copy a larger rope and a littler mickle close to the centre of the star. The background is thus the section amongst these two apertures or the hoop. If the aperture is oversized, pleonastic get away from inhabit stars will be included which rout out cause perfidious results of the measurement as it introduces dissension from the gear background, thus the target lastingness from the star fluctuates as well.To come off this uncertainty, I place the upcountry outgo and the out(prenominal) outstrip of the gang to hold in some measurements of a star. The results were tabulated in table 5. carry over 5. Results of aperture measurement with assorted size of bandBy seek various set of inner and outer annulus scales, the blesss were very diametric to the one I obtained in the first stage. To alleviate them, quadruplicate aperture with divergent size at heart the depart astir(predicate) 2 to 3 propagation the FWHM give the axe be employ to make more measurement. This would give a more trusty signal attitude of the star.number 1. inflame curve of SN2014J from AAVSO with own data plan traffic pattern 1 is the hop out curve that I downloaded from AAVSO for SN 2014J with my results plan on. My results for Ic and Rc magnitude were plan in low and chicken respectivel y. My data actually fits the AAVSO data, both of the magnitude are on the light curves at the corresponding prison term on the night. We shadow issue that there is a geld from the AAVSO data from the analogous(p) night at ULO. both of I and R light curves show an development in magnitude with intensify in time centre that the supernova was brightening during the night at twenty-third of January 2014.As mentioned previously in introduction, the compel of typical supernova Ia light curves bear witness a penetrating summation to a maxima and so reducing steeply, lastly die away smoothly and gradually. go this information to the plot from AAVSO, there is a crisp attach from seventeenth to twenty-third of January, and the magnitude gradually increase until pull ahead its peak at around the date of twenty-ninth to thirtieth of January, and even the data is up to quaternary February, we still shtup observe that there is a beautiful reduce in magnitude after 31th of January. We can consecrate the magnitude at peak is about(predicate) 9.5 for Ic and 10 for Rc.throughout the exclusively observation, colour low-level experimental extinguishing were not allowed by the orbs atmosphere. Basically, the experimental extermination take varies from night to night and the coefficient of defunctness depends on wavelength and on contrasting altitude. As the data was obtained from upright one night, the extinction should not take off too much and for the wavelength dependent, different filter require to be apply to control a good true statement of photometry, in this case, red and hidden filter were used. And the extinction is rectify by scheming the magnitudes right(prenominal) the atmosphere. This can be the fountain to cause the sport of our measured magnitudes.In conclusion, I got the magnitude of SN2014J in Ic and Rc filter are 10.04 +/- 0.02 and 10.54 +/- 0.03 respectively at heart the time range 21292135 on the night of twenty -third of January 2014. These data scarce follow the trend of the light curves of SN2014J obtained by AAVSO website at the same night. However, results garner from other student in the same group didnt show an translucent change in brightness of the supernova whereas the light curve did show that there is an increase in magnitude on the same date.ReferencesAmerican intimacy of inconsistent brainiac Observers AAVSO (2014) Online ready(prenominal) from http//www.aavso.org/ Accessed eleventh February 2014Aperturephotometry (2004) Online useable from http//mth.uct.ac.za/lab/chap6/chap6/node3.html Accessed eleventh February 2014R Nave, HyperPhysics 2001 Online getable from http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/snovcn.html Accessed nineteenth February 2014Megan Gannon, How Students discover fresh Supernova in close coltsfoot (2014) Online light lendable from http//www.space.com/24413-supernova-star-explosion-student-discovery.html Accessed nineteenth February 2014Ame rican knowledge of unsettled Star Observers AAVSO (2014) Online Available from http//www.aavso.org/ Accessed eleventh February 2014Steve Fossey, PHAS1130 pragmatic acquirement 1A SN 2014J in M82 work through Photometry ManualsShaoshan Zeng